Management In Civil Engineering

Management In Civil Engineering In general and widely adopted sense civil engineers are considered to design and manage the construction of roads, railways, buildings, bridges, tunnels, dams, airports, water supply and sewage systems. They must have to look into several factors in the design procedure from the production costs and expected lifetime of a project to government policies and possible environmental hazards such as hurricanes and earthquakes. Civil engineering, considered one of the oldest engineering disciplines, assimilates many specialties. The most common and crucial fields of civil engineering are structural, water resources, construction, transportation, and geotechnical engineering(Bean, A.L., 2007). Most of the civil engineers hold administrative or supervisory positions, from supervisor of a construction site to city engineer. As civil engineering is continuously broadening its area of interest so significant numbers of civil engineers have also chosen their career in management, research, and t eaching fields besides its common fields. Which are new emerging fields and they have their own significance in engineering.These sort of moves demand, civil engineers must have requisite knowledge about all these fields. Importance of Management in Civil Engineering Management is leading science domain and routine in managing building companies. It is one of the oldest human activities, it activates human abilities on building investment objects in order to assure necessity for civil engineering purposes. It is enough good reason to take place in management development in civil engineering. As there are too many definitions of management depending on an author, only the most important are offered, namely the most acceptable in civil engineering domain. Remarkable attention is given to managing tasks in civil engineering as well to their correlations If we speak about management in civil engineering then the total quality management must be proposed. Total quality management is a business philosophy and accessible way of modern companies around the whole world. It is the most contemporary idea of developing and advancing in all life and work domains. The growing urge of efficient use of the earths resources such as land, air, water and raw materials as well as concentration on efficient design, analysis and maintenance of civil structures requires a better insight in the spatial and temporal patterns of resources and activities (Bean, A.L., 2007). In view of the fact that the parameters of civil engineering today are not only confined to design and construction of structures but due to globalization and privatization of civil engineering organizations now civil engineering emerges as a study, which not only pay attention on construction and design but also reflects the importance of management of the resources used in constructio n. Now we talk about the various newly emerging fields of civil engineering (Motwani, J., 2001). Responsibilities for Civil Engineers In most of the cases, such as e.g. the situation, when natural phenomena like the weather is considered the engineering models developed to predict such phenomena are indeed very uncertain. The same applies to the prediction of natural hazards such as e.g. earthquakes, rock-fall and tsunamis which all constitute important exposures for the built environment. Engineering models must, however, also take into account the uncertain performance of man. Due to the effect of the different types of uncertainties there is no absolute certainty associated with the result of an engineering decision. For this reason there is also no absolute certainty about the safety of a structure. So as a engineer at construction site, it is also necessary for him to look into issues like health safety risk management, environmental management etc. Now we briefly discuss about these issues (Carpenter, J. Williams, 2004). 3.1 Health Safety Risk Management As per the definition, hazards which cause risk of lives at site are due to transfer of energy in one form or other. If the energy transferred more than the withstanding capacity at the receiving end, hazard is created, which eventually leads to physical harm of employees. The human system or any other object or species has tolerance levels or thresholds for each form of energy. The quantity of such energy, particularly near the threshold limit must be determined in order to decide on the control method to eliminate or reduce the impact of hazard. Mc Farland, another researcher in this field, has said all accidental injuries and damages result from application of specific forms of energy in amounts(Human Engineering, 2005). The main objective of the health management is to minimize or if possible then completely avoid hazards at site. It will decrease the chances of physical harm of employees and subsequently increase the health safety conditions at site. Although the success of a safety program depends on people, how they are motivated and how they communicate with each other. One of the important keys to success lies in establishing communication with people at all levels (Carpenter, J. Williams, 2004). So here health safety management comes into picture, it basically help to implement methods, which may include written circulars, reports, news sheets, promotional activities, incentive or reward schemes, personal contact and, most successful of all, structured safety meetings at the work place level where everyone can become involved . Safety meetings will be more productive and motivating if a member of a group under the guidance of management is asked to lead the meeting, having first been given the framework of the subjects for discussion and what the discussion hopes to accomplish. Where contractors are part of the work group they should also be included. Conclusions and concerns should be written down and acted well upon. The enthusiastic participation of all staff in safety meetings should be regarded as a long term objective. Case Study Over the last decade the highest rate of accidents and causalities in British Industries has been identified by the construction industry. Accordingly the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) arranged blitz inspections in an attempt to implement health and safety legislation and thus get better construction site safety. But, after 2000 site speculations it was noticed that one third of the site supervisors and agents had inadequate knowledge of and a poor attitude towards basic health and safety requirements. The blitz speculations were not successful in dropping down the number of deaths and other serious causalities but simply pointed out the lack of knowledge of and the unsatisfactory attitudes towards health and safety risk management. The risk of casualty in the construction industry has been dropped down from approximately 4.5 times higher to approximately three times higher than the risk of causalities that is related with all British industries (Figure 1) (Carpenter, J. Williams, 2004). Fig 1. UK construction industry fatality rates per 100,000 workers compared with other industries 1992-2006 (Carpenter, J. Williams, 2004) 3.3 Environmental Management First we define what exactly environmental management is and later we focus on its significance in a view of civil engineering. The main responsibilities of civil Engineers are to plan, grow and manage the surrounding environment. Majority of us in our routine lives take the built environment more or less for granted. We have got used to a well functioning infra-structure (Carpenter, J.,Williams, 2004). In addition, whereas some bridges and high rising buildings may be extremely extravagant most of the built environment is barely noticed. Environment management also includes the proper functioning of sewage systems, tunnels and water supply systems. Systems without which our modern society could not function. When civil engineers make decisions in regard to the planning, design or maintenance of the built environment they take basis in the fundamental laws of nature, e.g. the results of fundamental research in physics, chemistry and biology. Well known examples of this is the rule of gravity or the laws of thermodynamics which all play crucial roles in how we design and maintain buildings and structures. We know that the hotels and resorts in the Caribbean use large amounts of water, energy, chemicals, supplies, and disposable items. They also generate lots of waste such as wastewater and solid waste. Because of this, small efficiency gains can lead to large cost savings and environmental performance improvements. Environmental management is a systematic approach to finding out practical ways for saving water, energy, and materials, and reducing negative environmental impacts. A proactive environmental management program is a win-win-win proposition because it can help a property save money, get recognized for environmental leadership, and preserve and protect unique destinations (Human Engineering, 2005).. Sustainable urban growth needs an integrated approach and the Thematic Strategy advocates that national and regional authorities support municipalities in achieving more integrated management at the local level. Integrated approaches comprise of long term strategic visions and connect different policies at different administrative levels to guarantee coherency. Integrated environmental management also comprises of tackling regarded issues together such as integrated spatial planning, urban management and governance, economic wellbeing and competitiveness, social inclusion and environmental stewardship. . 4.Quality Management System Quality means excellence. It is thus a philosophy rather than a mere attribute. The difference between two objects is judged by their qualities. We set some standards which determine the level of acceptability. In most industries especially in manufacturing and process industry, the concept of quality management is old and used extensively. Nowadays, application of quality management is not only becoming popular but also mandatory in construction industry. Quality assurance in construction activities guides the use of correct structural design, specifications and proper materials ensuring that the quality of workmanship by the contractor or sub-contractor is achieved and finally maintaining the structure after construction is complete through periodic assessments for maintenance and repairs. Quality control has to be imposed by the contractor whereas quality assurance is carried out by a separate third party agency engaged by the owner (Biggar, J. L., 1990). Quality Management Concerns (Motwani, J.,2001): Quality control means rational use of resources. Quality control procedures implement appropriate mixing, proper compaction, correct placement and adequate curing. Quality control prevents temptation of over design. Quality control ensures strict monitoring of every stage of concrete production and rectification of faults. Quality control reduces maintenance costs. Fig 2. Role of quality management in any project (Motwani, J.,2001) Quality management basically comprises of following management: 4.1 Technical Management It is apparent that quality and cost are the prior major concerns for any construction in a customer as well contractors perspective. Cost is related to the quality, that need to be identified for management decisions. The costs of project can be broken down as follows: There are many components other than raw material and labor cost, which individual has to deal with to estimate and finalize the final cost of structures such as (Biggar, J. L., 1990): The costs of preparing appropriate designs, more training to reduce failure costs and a lot of maintenance work. In some cases we need demolishing of one structure and making another structure, so in this case the total cost and production time would be different from the estimates. Natural hazards can also cause to increase the cost of project significantly by delaying the construction process or damaging it. So technical management includes the estimation of cost, time of completion and prediction of natural hazards those possible can happen at the site. At the beginning stage after surveying the site, material testing is carried out in order to make structure economically feasible by ensuring all possible safety concerns for the users. Many standard codes are set up for defining the qualities of material and other raw materials such as The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) favors the improvement and application of quality management system standards, including international standards such as the American Society for Quality Control and ISO 9000, to specialized engineering services and the application of standards to the developed project (Motwani, J.,2001). Thus technical management also deals with matching up the standards of materials and if they suit then plans it to use efficiently. It even associates in predicting various factors which may affect the cost, safety and produ ction time of the structure. This is considered the essential management unit for any construction project which incorporates with defining objectives and limitations, and to build mathematical analysis models in solving difficult problems of production control, materials and inventory, among others. Technical management includes the resources and construction personnel must utilized efficiently for the various operations to accomplish the job. At the construction site this involves management associated to crew management with related tasks, logistics related to operations as well as operations, service and maintenance. 4.2 Project Management Project Management in construction can vary from projects to projects. Like if a construction is required to be done for a theme park than a team of creative people is needed, if a project is associated to the building some mall than the team of project management will have more of civil engineers. However today every company manages projects with some specialization. Such as a construction company can specialize only in building bungalow, sky capers, Malls, theatres, parks etc. Project Management section in a project is a structure that is purposely designed for executing projects. It is specifically modified to reach the demands of difficult tasks by separating unique work and maintaining a strong focus on accomplishing the project (Biggar, J. L., 1990)). Once the project is finished, this structure disbands. Although this structure is supposed to be very good in managing dedicated resources throughout the life of the project. This section shows techniques and requirements during project planning, including cost estimation, forecasting, risk assessment and economic evaluation. It is the division where design and planning phase in which major capital savings may be procured during the eventual construction and operation phases. The key responsibilities of the Project Manager may differ depending on the the company maturity, the company size, industry, and the company culture. However, there are some mandatory responsibilities that are common to all Project Management organizations (Motwani, J.,2001). Fig 3. Diagram shows the various tasks associate with project management (Motwani, J.,2001) Operations Management Operations Management (OM) incorporates with the design and management of required task, services and supply chains, processes. It includes a wide range of judgment that companies have to make, such as product design, capacity planning, forecasting, process selection, technology selection, design of facilities and jobs, inventory management, management of the supply chain, project management, maintenance management and quality management(Biggar, J. L., 1990). The work and fuction of Operational management (OM) ranges from strategic to operational and tactical levels. Strategic problems may incorporate with determining the location and size of manufacturing plants, deciding the structure of service networks and designated technology supply chains. And tactical problems could include plant layout and equipment selection. As a conclusive remark, operational tasks may include production scheduling, inventory management, quality control and material handling. The appropriate management of these resources requires the sorts of knowledge and skills provided by Operation Management concepts, tools and techniques (Sommerville, J., 2000). Financial and Commercial Systems 5.1 Financial Systems Financial systems facilitates to inform your organizations planning and action plans. Financial systems also assist you track and manage the resources required to successfully complete your work. These guidelines grant basic practices, Which you will need to build  ¬Ã‚ nancial sustainability in your organization. Other reasons why developing  ¬Ã‚ nancial systems are important because they play key role in the task such as establishing  ¬Ã‚ nancial controls and clear accounting procedures help ensure that funds are used for intended purposes, transparency, clear planning and realistic projections contribute to the credibility of the organization, Financial systems and capacity help the organization to make sound decisions based on cash  ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ow and available resources, it help to provide reports to the funders that demonstrate that grants were used for intended purposes etc. The financial system is the system that lets the transfer of money between savers and borrowers. Financial systems play a key role in distribution of resources in a modern economy. They link up household savings to the corporate sector and allocate investment funds among firms. They allow inter temporal smoothing of consumption by households and expenditures by firms and they enable households and firms to share risks. However these functions are very common to the financial systems of most developed and developing economies. Though the types of these financial systems varies widely as per the requirement. Generally we know the fact that the civil engineering projects are very large and demand a very huge amount of money. One individual is solely unable to fulfill that demand of money. To eliminate this problem financial systems have been developed, which ensure to provide any sudden and large requirement of money. They have authority to monitor the whole market and handle the economy of a large domain. 5.2 Commercial Systems The expression commercial system is general and applies to any group or organization with a specific set of skills, priorities, strategies, goals and resources that put in order to collectively achieve the predefined aim of making profit. Ultimately, a group and organization is said to be commercial if its main objective to earn profit for the proprietor, shareholders, or both, by supplying products and services. To comprehend properly what a commercial organization is requires being aware of the many for profit activities commercial organizations participate in. Thus both systems financial and commercial have their distinct role in any construction project. However financial systems are also highly commercial. Financial system guarantees the availability of necessary funds and proper distribution of it to the various departments of project. Where as commercial system aims to provide maximum profit to owner and even more satisfaction to customer. Human Resource Management Managing humans or personnel is at the heart of almost all the real life management problems. What it takes to manage humans? Why humans are a resource and what makes them special? The function of HRM is to bring out issues involved in the management of human resources (HRM), both from current theory as well as practice (Beardwell, Ian Holden, Len 1986). It also examines humans at work and discusses various aspects which are basic to human inspiration at work and in fulfilling career aspirations within organizations. HRM includes various issues right from selection placement to performance appraisal, salary career management, and training, etc. of employees in organizations. The expressions human resource management (HRM) and human resources (HR) have widely substituted by the expression personnel management as a explanation of the processes included in managing people in organizations. In brief, HRM has to deal with employing people, developing their resources, utilizing, maintaining and compensating their services in tune with the task and organizational requirement. The HRD profession and HRM function have undergone significant change over the past couple of years. Many years ago, large organizations looked to the Personnel Division mostly to manage the paperwork around hiring and paying people (Roethlisberger and Dickson, 1943). Human resource management (HRM) is the formulated concept to the management of an organizations most appreciated features. The people working there who individually as well as collectively contribute to the accomplishment of the objectives of the business. Recently, organizations consider the HR Department as playing a major role in recruitment, training and helping to manage people so that people and the organizations are performing at limit capability in a highly satisfying manner. However, many HR functions these days combat to get beyond the roles of employee champion and administration, and are seen rather as reactive than strategically proactive partners for the top management. At the end of the day, the objective of human resource management is to assist an organization to reach predefined goals by satisfying, and maintaining employees and also to manage them effectively. The key word most probably here is fit, a HRM approach seeks to ensure a fit between the management of a companys employees, and the overall strategic direction of the company (Staw and Barsade, 1993). The theoretical discipline of HRM is considering primarily the assumption that employees are individuals with varying needs and goals, and as such should not be thought of as basic business resources, such as trucks and filing cabinets. The area needs a positive view of workers, assuming that practically all wish to contribute to the enterprise productively, and that the main complication to their endeavors are lack of knowledge, failures of process and insufficient training. Nevertheless these conventional expressions are becoming less common for the theoretical discipline. Sometimes even industrial and employee relations are confusingly termed as synonyms, although these generally imply to the connection between management and workers and the behavior of people in companies. The Human Resources Management (HRM) profession includes numerous activities, and the most crucial among them is choosing what staffing needs you have and whether to use independent contractors or recruit employees to achieve these needs, recruiting and training the best employees, promising they are elevated performers, dealing with performance issues, and ensuring personnel and management practices conform to number of regulations. Activities also include managing your move toward to employee benefits and compensation, employee details and personnel policies. However, they should always ensure that employees have a vague idea of personnel policies which confirm to current regulations. These policies are generally in the form of employee manuals, that all employees own. Document Control Anyone who works in a professional services firm nowadays must know well that document management involves far more than simple data processing and file sharing. Document management nowadays must keep in mind the complete life cycle of a document as well as its content from creation, employees and clients, to the eventual storage and harvesting of content for reuse, to collaboration among partners. In response of fulfilling these needs, firm developed technologies that offer firms to make and control documents that were not applicable in years past. Professional services companies can now enhance productivity, increase security through tighter controls over document production and handling, and perk up document quality through the application of clear editing and review path ways. Additionally, progresses in collaboration and communication can facilitate firms to attain the smartest return. Summary Project Management section in a project is a structure that is purposely designed for executing projects. It is specifically modified to reach the demands of difficult tasks by separating unique work and maintaining a strong focus on accomplishing the project. Although this structure is supposed to be very good in managing dedicated resources throughout the life of the project. This section shows techniques and requirements during project planning, including cost estimation, forecasting, risk assessment and economic evaluation. It is the division where design and planning phase in which major capital savings may be procured during the eventual construction and operation phases. At the construction site safety is the major concern because these projects are huge so a small mistake can cause of a serious damage. The main objective of the health management is to minimize or if possible then completely avoid hazards at site. It will decrease the chances of physical harm of employees and subsequently increase the health safety conditions at site. One of the important keys to success lies in establishing communication with people at all levels. To improve the safety methods new ways have been used to reach the satisfactory safety levels. This whole work can not be done by the single unit at the site but all management units specified above coordinated well and help to implement methods, which may include written circulars, reports, news sheets, promotional activities, incentive or reward schemes, personal contact and, most successful of all, structured safety meetings at the work place level where everyone can become involved. Safety meetings will be more product ive and motivating if a member of a group under the guidance of management is asked to lead the meeting, having first been given the framework of the subjects for discussion and what the discussion hopes to accomplish. For the progress of any project it is necessary that all accident should be avoided at the site which eventually needs improved safety methods.

What is the iconography of Angkor Wat?

An iconography is a term used in history that is used describes a branch of history which involves the study, interpretation, identification and description of the contents of images. In simple terms the term iconography is derived from a Greek word which literally means the study of image writings. The iconography of the Angkor Wat is therefore, a description of the history, the images, the architecture and the features of the Angkor wat temple found in Cambodia. The Angkor Wat is a type of a very complex temple found at a place known as Angkor in Cambodia (Latinis, 2003, 367). This temple was initially constructed by the king who reigned those days Sir Suryavarman back in the 12th century. It is one of the best preserved temples in the city and it was merely constructed to be used as the king’s state temple and the capital city. However, it one of its kind and it has remained to be the most significant religious site since its construction. The Angkor Wat temple is located within the midst of other temple structures within the Capital city of Cambodia. The initial features of the temple including the design and construction were first launched during the 12th century at the eve and reign of king Suryavarman Initially the design and construction of the temple was dedicated to the Vishnu and it was actually established to serve the king as his main capital city and state temple (Bernard, 2006, 412). Up to today there has been no architectural inscriptions or foundations associated with the temple that have been found. In addition, the original name of the temple remains unknown to many. The name Vrah Vishnulok might have been an assumption to the original name of the temple that was put forward by a reliable deity. After the fall and death of king Suryavarman II, the construction work of the temple also collapsed leaving the bas-relief unfinished and even undecorated. The Khmer kings there after indulged into a massive construction and building and took the temple up to its toll by engaging populations which were working for the state as virtual slave laborers . In addition, the military conquests highly supported king Khmer thus expanding his empire and power. After a period of 27 years after the death of king Suryavarman the traditional enemies of Khmer known as Cham invaded his territory leading to his collapse (Latinis, 2003, 369). After some time he was succeeded by sir Jayavarman VII who later restored the empire and consequently established the temple as his capital city and state temple. At the eve of the 13th century, the king Sir Javarman VII decided to transform the empire from Hindu to Buddhism. The process of transforming the empire from Hinduism to Buddhism was relatively easy for the king since majority of the civilians were tied of the constant political clashes resulting to the frequent down falls and collapse of the territories. However, these people were hungry for a change and the desire to have a constant faith to rely on that offered tranquility without the urge and desire for power and material gain. As a result of this conflict Angkor Wat was finally transformed from Hindu to Theravada use by the Buddhist (http://www. sacredsites. com/asia/cambodia/angkor_wat. tml). The architectural, design and the plan of the temple is a unique one that can however, not be described on paper using a pen. Its refinements, decorations and towers are beyond the human comprehension. The standard design of the temple plus the unique combination of the temple Mountain and addition, the empire’s state temple were features that were highly influences by the Chola, Orissa and the Tamil Nadu people of India. It was also believed that the temple represented the Mount Meru of Kenya which was highly accorded as the original homeland for the gods. The central quincunx forming the towers is a clear representation of the five peaks forming the mountain, including the moat and the walls which surround the ocean and the mountain ranges. The style of the temple is a classical representation designed by the Khmer architectures. During the 12 century, majority of the architects in the Khmer empire had become skillfully oriented in using and shaping the sandstone for construction purpose as the only available resource for buildings and constructions. The most prominent and most visible features of the Angkor wat temple are made up of sandstone blocks. Laterite was however, used in most cases for making the hidden structural areas and for the outer walls (Bernard, 2006, 415). However, the agent that was used in the process of bidding blocks together has never been identified till today although some experts’ belief in some slaked lime and resins to have been used. The design of the Angkor Wat has drawn much praise for the harmony and organization of its features which can only be matched with the ancient architects of the Roman Empire. Consequently, the precise arrangement of its portions and fine balancing of its elements greatly signifies the works of unity, power and style. The elements forming its structure greatly symbolize the Ogival, which were some sort of redented towers which were shaped like the lotus buds. There were galleries that were half shaped that were used to broaden the pathways consequently with axial galleries which mainly connected the cruciform terraces and the enclosure which also appeared along the axis of the temple. The style also encompassed typical decorative features especially on the pediments and the bas- relief. The Angkor Wat sanctuary is however, believed to be static, conservative and less graceful. The temple has got unique complex features which are beyond human comprehension. The walls are great surrounded by moat and aprons of open grounds. The entrance to the temple is by use of an earth bank entrance that appears to the east and a sandstone causeway directed to the west. At each cardinal point there are gopuras towers. The western region is estimated to be the largest with three ruined towers. Towards the southern end of the temple there exists another tower which forms a statute of Vishnu which is said to be the central most shrine of the temple. Between the towers there exist various galleries forming two other entrances on either sides of the gopura. The galleries take the form of square shaped pillars forming the outer walls. The pillars and the ceilings are carefully decorated with lotus with dancing figures appearing on the face, prancing animals and balustered windows. The outer walls are however, large enclosing a large mass of land which was said to be the space occupied by the city and consequently the king’s royal palace (http://www. sacredsites. com/asia/cambodia/angkor_wat. html). The central structure of the Angkor Wat is built on a terrace that is placed on a higher level than the city. It is however, constructed using three rectangular galleries which are raise towards the central most towers with each level appearing at a higher level than the previous one. It is believed that these galleries were specifically dedicated to the Kings Brahma, Vishnu and the Moon respectively. Majority of these features in the temple are set facing east leaving enough space to be occupied by enclosures. The temple is preciously decorated with predominate features forming the bas – relief and friezes. The inner walls of the gallery form a large scale series of scenes mainly referring to the Hindu episodes and epics. These scenes have been branded as the greatest scenes of linear arrangement of stone carvings. It is also believed that very high profile skills were used in the construction of the temple. Stones which appeared as smooth polished marbles were used. They were skillfully and carefully laid down to form the base without mortar held together by very strong joints that were hard to get. Tenon joints were also used to hold the blocks together with gravity and dovetails (Latinis, 2003, 374). Generally the monument was built of pure sand stone just like pyramids of Egypt. Great transformations have been made today making the site a tourist resource center. Many of the indigenous resources that were hard to find have been robbed out while others decaying gracefully with time. However, the Angkor wat temple remains to be one of its kind till today.

The Upside to Custom Term Paper Writing

The Upside to Custom Term Paper Writing Custom Term Paper Writing - Dead or Alive? Not just that, but college term papers will likely compose a huge part of the last grade you make it in your training course. A term paper is among the most crucial tasks students get at the close of the semester. Buying online term paper is now a standard habit for most academic level students. On-line term paper writing assistance is just what you require! Composing an excellent research paper begins with compiling an awesome thesis statement. When you would like to purchase research paper here are important things that you need to consider. Writing a research paper is a huge challenge to several students. Writing a great term paper is similar to a combat operation. To compose a well-organized paper, you must be aware of the way the appropriate term paper format. The paper is going to be written based on your instructions and academic standards. It's possible to receive a research paper from several places nowadays. Sometimes you might be asked to compose a research paper on a topic you don't understand clearly. Just because you're searching for an inexpensive term paper writing service doesn't imply that you should skimp on quality. The way you can locate a dependable term paper writing service comes in a lot of forms. So, you may rest assured your term paper service is going to be delivered by means of a pro. It is extremely easy to use our research paper services. Choosing online essay writers isn't a nightmare anymore. Writing an article with Essay help can be a challenging job. Therefore it's clear that the author is well informed about all of the comprehensive chapters and sections that need to be presented in the paper. It is preferable to address a company with several writers than one with a couple writers. It is tough to ascertain which freelance writer might handle your assignment best. Experienced term paper writers are affordable and they're able to help you acquire the information which you require for your topic. Who knew essay writing may be so tough. If you order from us, you can secure a draft of your paper to ensure your writer is heading in the correct direction. Our essay writers will provide you with custom accounting papers written and edited based on your request. Employing an essay writer on the internet isn't as expensive as some folks say. If it is possible to testosterone choose the right no cost essay with content articles published about charles darwin azines healthy selection, we'll be ready to provide you with a customized article which you will require. The most important body of the customized term paper comprises the precise method of creating the thesis statement with relevant explanations, analytical ideas and quotes from external sources. Folks may want to ask questions until they buy a term paper, or they may want to clarify something. If you discover that it's challenging to make the correct choice for your term paper custom, read unbiased and credible reviews to acquire more information concerning the experiences of different people. There are different types of term papers, each one with distinct methods of writing them. Thus, in the event you google write my term paper for me and our website is what you've found, then you're on a perfect track, and we are here in order to cover your back. You will have the ability to choose the academic requirement of the essay we create for you to be sure you know your customized essay will satisfy the compulsory assessment standards. Additionally, composing an essay is a far greater device of learning compared to reading as an example, as a result of simple fact that in case you have the capacity to cover precisely what you have actually discovered and checked out, it ind icates that you've recognized the material perfectly. Your term paper outline should incorporate the key points that you want to write about. It can be quite so overwhelming when you're predicted to compose a term paper, in part because you've got to learn to write it effectively and in part as you are snowed under with a lot of other work. You don't wish to address individuals who deliver your work late. Thus, the only logical way out is to begin seeking expert assistance with term paper. Understandably, some students feel a little bit of pressure when doing term papers on account of the time and effort it entails.

Quality Improvement or Patient Safetychange Initiative in Your Department - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2564 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Patient safety refers to how health care institutions and hospitals protect patients from possible injuries, medical errors, infections and accidents (Aiken et al, 2012). It is the responsibility of hospitals and health care facilities to ensure that their patients are protected and safe while they are being attended to.   The patient safety greatly impacts the recovery process. If a patient suffers recovery will take longer, sometimes even life can be lost. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Quality Improvement or Patient Safetychange Initiative in Your Department" essay for you Create order For example, if medical error results to air embolism (air bubble in the blood), the patient is likely to have a stroke or even lose his or her life. The air bubbles interfere with the blood flow through the body hence the stroke (Murray et al., 2013). In the United States, it is approximated that 440,000 people lose their lives due to medical errors, 1 out of 25 patients gets an infection, 1 out 4 Medicare suffers injuries or harm when gets admitted and over 1000 patients are likely to die due to preventable medical errors(Makary $ Daniel, 2016).   This figure is very high and should worry the stakeholders in the health care provision. Whereas there no hospital or health facility that is totally immune from potential dangers, safety measures can be put in place to protect the patients. For instance, having a strong team of health care providers can minimize the rate of infections. In addition, the strong team can come up with measures to prevent possible mistakes and medical errors that might occur in the process.   This can be done by having an efficient and clear means of communication among the staff, patient and the patients’ family. An inefficient team in the hospital is an open risk to patients. These disturbing figures form the basis of this project which aims at creating a safer environment both the medical staff and the patients. According to the study by Coetze et al (2013) the patients’ safety is closely tied to the medical staffs’ welfare.   Studies have shown that fatigue in nurses have a negative impact on the safety of the patients. Yoder (2014) found out that fatigue increases chances of having medical errors such wrong diagnosis Aims These are what should be accomplished at the end of the project. Patients record zero harm while receiving care There is improved an improvement in access to health care services. Improved patient experience with the care givers. Minimize hospital readmissions The above aims will be achieved by using the road maps below. Aim 1: Patients record zero harm while receiving care a) Minimizing negative effects The health care givers must ensure there is compliance with the Reduction of Adverse Drug Events or Medical Reconciliation i.e. the medication administered to the patient should be the same as those prescribed by the care giver. b) Minimizing harm via reducing prevalence and cases of Healthcare Acquired Infections This will be done by ensuring there is compliance Informed care bundles and strategies in the management of MRSA, VRE, C-Diff, surgical site prevention of infections, and hand hygiene. To determine whether there has been an improvement, Hospital Standard Mortality Ration (HSMR) should be below 100 by the end of the next financial year (2018/19) at the strategic level. At both, the unit and program level, Medical Reconciliation, VTE, VRE, Infection on the surgical area are among the factors that will be considered. Aim 2: There is improved an improvement in access to health care services a) Improvement in the flow of patient from admission to discharge. This will be done by adopting a spread solution that will be piloted with the Emergency Department, b) Minimize the waiting time for planned surgical process Process related to waiting strategies like the hip and Knees are enhanced c) Improving the care given to the chronic patients i.e. those with Diabetes and Congestive Heart Failure (CHF). This will be done by the implementation of evidence based population care models. To establish where there has been improvement, at the strategic level the average time taken in ER is expected to reduce by at least 10% at the end of the financial year 2018/19. At program and Unit level, process indicators will be used in monitoring the flow of patients. In addition, the time it takes to replace knee and hip will also be considered. Aim 3: Improved patient experience with the care givers. a) Design a care and service system that gives more room for the patients and their families to voice their concerns. This will be done by creating an advisory to the manager together with the network programs for specific departments with the hospital. b) Enhancing how the hospital collects and analyze the patients’ feedback. This will be done through an improved rigorous process of information collection of feedback from the patients. The information will then be shared among the staff and the physicians. Secondly, the hospital will have to fully fledged and efficient customer service department with qualified personnel. c) Providing patients with information they require in a simple and understandable form. The improvement will be examined by evaluating if there is an increase in the result of the picker questions. The question asks the patients and their families to give an overall rating of the quality of the service they received from the hospital. An improvement of at least 10% is expected at the end of the financial year 2018/19. At the program and unit level, surveys that focus on the score of Emergency Department will be conducted.   The surveys will seek to establish the general satisfaction with the care provided by the department including pain management. Aim 4: Minimize hospital readmissions a) Improved transition in the line of continuum care. This will be achieved by enhancing admission needs after hospital with focus on friendly referral hospitals, patient and family communication, fool up after discharge from the hospital, coordination with community health care givers among other external partners. This is intended to improve planning of the discharge and information transfer especially where a patient is referred to a ‘senior hospital’. b) Improved care of patients with chronic conditions like diabetes and Congestive Heart Failure. This will be achieved through the implementation of evidence based population care model like the inpatient-outpatient components for such conditions. The set standards must be adhered to. The assessment at the strategic level will be done by assessing the rise in the number of the enrollment of the CHF and COPD.  Ã‚   The number is expected to rise by 25% for patients with high risk at the end of the financial year 2018/19. The care transition should be implemented by the end of the same year. At the program and unit level, indicators will be the readmission in a span of 30 days for the picked volumes of CMGs and measure of the vital long-term conditions. Plan Implementation The implementation of this quality improvement plan will involve all the stakeholders involved in the health care provision. The stakeholders include the policy makers, the hospital management of the hospital, the patients and the patients’ family. Most of the approaches and methods of quality improvement being used today were developed in other industries that are not related to health care provision. However, they have adopted by the health care industry nearly for 30 years now. Unfortunately, the approaches and methods have not been fully embedded into the health despite being adopted nearly 30 years ago. This, in turn, has resulted in lack of a complete evidence based analysis of their effectiveness.   All the staffs are expected to adhere to the proposed implementation plan. The implementation of this plan is expected to spread across the financial year 2018/19. Assessment will be done after every quarter to establish if there is any progress being made. The progress refers to the improvement in the quality of service being provided to the patients. In establishing this improvement, we will use the PDSA cycle i.e. the Plan-Do- Study-Act. PDSA was first developed by Dermin in 1982 and gives a four model for a continuous implementation of the improvement of patient safety improvement initiatives. The model can be used in the following instance: When a new quality improvement plan is being started. When there is a redesign or an improvement on the existing healthcare service When data collection and analysis plans are being developed to help in improving the service delivery. Today management is no longer an art but a science where management decisions are driven and influenced by the available data. Cost-effects implementing patient safety initiatives. For an effective implementation of the proposed patient safety initiative and changes, the hospital management will incur extra cost in leadership training for the staff especially the team leaders. Secondly, the management will have to additional health care staff to cover for the possible shortage to reduce the work load. All the staff will also be trained on the importance of having a team work. The implementation process will be under the leadership of the PDSA select team. Lack of funds and uncooperative members of staff are likely to be the major challenges in the implementation process. There is a likelihood of resistance for change at first. Training and employment of new additional staff might also be costly to the hospital management. Compensation for the Executives and other staff Performance-based compensation helps in driving accountability during the implementation of the quality improvement. It links the compensation to the achievement of the set target. There will only be compensation if the target is achieved. The executives and the staffs are thus motivated to ensure the set target is achieved. In addition, it enables the hospital to have a consistency in the performance incentives application and transparency in the whole process.   The table below provides a guideline how the compensation will be done.   It should be noted that the compensation is tied to the achievement of the set target. Part B:   Change Management Theory Change management (CM) refers to the â€Å"all approaches used to prepare and support individuals, teams, and organization† (Hayes, 2014) while making change within the organization. Additionally, it includes the change in use of resources, process in business, allocation of budget or any other change that has a significant influence on the operation of the organization or company (Bratton Gold, 2012). Under Organization Change Management (OCM), we looked into the organization as a whole and what ought to be changed. In contrast, change management only refers to people and how they are affected by transition during the change within the organization. There are six change management theories according to Hills, Jones Schilling (2014). The Classical theory put emphasis on structure and things like division of labor, the command its direction are considered.   The scientific method puts emphasis on the efficiency, productivity, time and maximum utilization of space. The bureaucratic system has a strong emphasis on the authority and the rules of the organization. Under this system, the employees are expected to strictly adhere to the rules and regulations of the organization as they are with no flexibility. Junior officers are required to get approval from their seniors before undertaking some responsibilities no matter how simple they might be. This system is very common with the government institutions. The Human Relation Management system is one that focuses on the human factors within the organization or company. The human factors include things such as motivation (both as individual and at group level.   The contingency theory mainly aims at first establishing the problem then a solution is created through management. The final theory is the system management theory. This theory mainly focuses on the interdependency and the complexity of the system. This is done through combining and analyzing all the components to determine their impact on the general productivity of the organization or company. The most important factors to consider while selecting the type of change includes: goal and strategies, system measurement, the sequence of the steps and finally the implementation of the desired organization changes. John Fisher and John Kotter have come up with models that can be used to evaluate and enhance the implementation process of the change in the organization.   In this section discusses the John M. Fisher’s Change Model. This model is appropriate since it promotes corporation among the staff during the implementation process. Fisher uses a Transition model to explain how people react to any change as discussed by McDowell et al (2013). Ideally, people are generally resistant to change since they prefer being in their current situation.   Fisher theory is based on the study that was done by Elisabeth Kubler-Ross. In the study, Elisabeth identified the stages of grief. From that study, Fisher identified eight stages that include; Anxiety, Happiness, Fear, Threat, Guilt, Depression, Gradual Acceptance and Moving Forward.   Different people have different speed of moving through the levels. The speed is influenced by different factors like an individual’s temperamental, prior experiences among others. The key areas that this model focuses on include the resistance to change in the early stage and working with people through change.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Initial Resistance to change Generally, people have negative reaction to change during the early stages since the change causes disruption in their operation. Another reason why people are most likely to have a negative reaction is the uncertainty that comes with the change. It is even worse when one has a bad experience with change. One might have lost his or her job in before due to changes that were adopted by that organization or company. Such experience causes fear to the individuals and influences their perception about change in general. Such individuals are likely to be reluctant in adopting the proposed changes. However, this can be overcome by having an efficient and timely communication to the staff that will be affected. Good communication makes them understand the need to have change and its benefits to them. In this case, the nurses and other physicians will be informed on why the Patient Safety Initiative Change is important to them. Benefits such having a reduced readmission rate of patients, reduced infection among others are beneficial to them since they will result in reduced work load. Reduced workload means there will be no fatigue.   In addition, the improvement in the quality of healthcare delivery will build their reputation as professionals thus building their resume. With effective communication, the fear will go away hence making them eager to adopt the proposed changes. Similarly, the training is likely to a motivating factor since it provides them with an opportunity for self-growth. However, the process should not be rushed as it can end up producing the exact opposite of the desired result. People must be given time to overcome fear without being rushed through the process.   T here should only be a movement to the action when the whole team is ready for it. Working with people through the change process During the implementation process, there is a possibility of some of the staff remaining stuck in the past system by constantly denying that change is actually taking place. In order for the process to be successful, the whole team should move as a unit. It is thus necessary to involve every member of the team through the whole process. In the implementation of the Patient Safety Change Initiative, the PDSA select team will consist of the departmental heads of all the departments in the hospital. This creates a sense of inclusivity as all the staffs will feel represented. The head of departments will also be expected to communicate to their members on the progress and need for the change.