Australi A Sensational Place - 972 Words

In 2013, British comedian John Oliver stated â€Å"Australia turned out to be a sensational place. Albeit, one of the most comfortably racist I’ve ever been in† (Waterland, 2013). Racism is when a certain group of people belief they are superior to another which leads to discrimination. Australia is a multicultural country with its diversity highlighted through the lifestyles, food and traditions of those living there. It is hard to imagine such a culturally diverse country can be considered racist, however racism has been embedded in Australian society and culture since its colonisation in 1788. Australian law and people can be racist and often are in denial about their racist ways. Racism in Australia has been implanted since the period of colonisation. Due to overcrowding in British prisons, British explorers went looking for land to settle and send the convicts. Prior to finding Australia, the original Indigenous inhibitors had been thriving off the land. According to statistics, â€Å"The Indigenous population of Australia was reduced by an estimated 90% between 1788 and 1900† (Harris, 2003). This massive decline was due to the introduction to new diseases that the Aboriginals had not been exposed to and also from to the violent attacks and mass shootings on the Indigenous as the Europeans expanded through Australia. The Indigenous felt dispossessed from of the land through the White’s violent acts of dominance and superiority. The racist views of the white can be depicted

Child psychology Free Essays

Child development is a fascinating thing to observe. It is very challenging in some; while others it comes along naturally. The way a child develops can be determined by a number of factors. We will write a custom essay sample on Child psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now Their environment and biological inheritance can be the common denominator to their development. Have you ever wondered what makes Uncle Sam, or Uncle Joe who they are? What determines whether your son, daughter, niece, nephew, or even neighbor who they will become when they grow up. Prior to taking this class I never took the time to really think why some people the way they re are. The Boston bombers did not Just wake up one day and say that they were going to plan an attack to hurt or even kill thousands of people, their childhood development determined what route they would take. As we see the people who are around us, we Judge their character off of their behavior. The behavior determines who we think they are. There are many different development theories available that states different concepts of human development, but the three main theories that are mainly known are from Sigmund Freud, Erik Erickson, and Jean Piaget. Although any believe that their theories are old and outdated many psychologist use their theories to base theirs on. In this paper I will explain their theories in detail, provide examples of their use in the mental health treatment of children, and compare and contrast them starting with Mr. Sigmund Freud. Sigmund Freud was the founder of psychoanalysis and proved to be the most influential writer about the unconscious mind in the twentieth century. (Freud, 2005) Freud was a doctor with a degree. He also set up a private practice to treat psychological disorders such as hysteria; from his patients came the evidence used or many of his theories about human psychology. (Freud, 2005). Freud believed that the behavior that one portrays is based off of their early development. His research shows that an adult’s childhood can explain the behavior of the person. There are three main forces that drive humans which are the ID, the ego, and the super-ego. The ID is the basic personal needs and desires of one’s self. It is completely selfish and has no care for sensibility or reality. It drives for what it wants, when it wants it, and how it wants it with no other considerations. The ID is the inner person without egards to anyone or anything; it is all about itself or oneself. The second part of the personality is the ego. The ego is the realization of reality. It is the egos Job to make one aware of its surroundings, and divide the selfishness from the id to the morality of the person. The conscience makes distinctions between right and wrong according to parental and societal standards. (Mossler, 2011) The third part is the super-ego, is morals and acquired beliefs of right and wrong. When decisions are made, the ego has the difficult task of balancing the demands of the id while maintaining rules that he superego dictates. (Mossler, 2011) The id should be satisfied but with care not to upset the super-ego. According to Freud the interaction of the three parts of the personality are developed within a series of psychosexual stages. Each of the stages is focused on a particular body part or function. (Mossler, 2011) The five psychosexual stages are oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. Each one of these stages are centered around a bodily function or part. Freud’s theory states that stage The pleasures of this stage revolve around the mouth. The second stage is the anal tage. This stage happens between the ages of one and three. A child’s focus is surrounded by the anus. This age group is learning disciplined. The milestone for toddlers is potty training. This is the transition from diapers to underwear. Freud relates the discipline to potty training to call this stage the anal stage. The third stage of development in children is the phallic stage. This stage occurs between the ages of three to six. When children become aware of their genitals and the difference between one another is another development. Being a mother of a five year old, I do elieve this is a transition for him. Starting school and being around other children his age who act differently than what he is use was a transition for him to overcome. Having the knowledge that women have certain body parts that boys do not have was hard to explain to a five year old. The next stage is called latency. Freud states this stage begins at the age of 6 and should end around twelve. The main focus during this age is on social and intellectual skills. The last stage is genital. This stage in my opinion is when a woman becomes a woman and a man becomes a man. Freud describes this stage as when one sees beyond their selfish needs and focuses on others desires. This stage molds a husband, wife, mother and even father. This stage occurs between the ages of twelve and nineteen. Mr. Erick Erickson was the next author of developmental theory. Erik Erikson (1902-1994) was a neo-Freudian who argued that Freud misjudged an individual’s interaction with society and the motivation for humans to be immersed in social customs. (Mossler, 2011) Erickson believes that one’s surroundings can help form and challenge development. Erikson lso believes that a crisis forms when psychological need and societal pressure intersect. Rather than focusing on psychosexual urges as Freud did, Erikson emphasized the process of psychosocial development. (Mossler, 2011) In comparison of Freud Erickson they both believe that in development one must go through different stages. Freud’s theory only states five psychosexual stages in the first five years of life, while Erickson believes one goes through eight lifelong stages. Erikson’s first stage was trust verses mistrust and it occurs from zero to 18 months. The goal of this stage is to establish trust. A baby is dependent upon their parents to eat, be changed, and feel loved. When the baby gets and feels this from their parent they develop a sense of trust. Also, if the baby is neglected of the necessities to develop trust they result in developing mistrust. The second stage is autonomy verses shame and doubt. This occurs from about 18 months of age to 3 years old. This stage is important for toddlers, because they gain a sense of independence. Once the baby has developed a sense of trust they easily transition into the next stage of wanting to do everything for themselves. It is important for arents to allow their children to explore this stage of independency. On the other hand, if parents are too demanding or do not let children perform tasks on their own; they may develop a sense of shame and doubt. (Mossler, 2011) Initiative versus guilt is the third stage of psychosocial development. It takes place between three to six years of age. This stage is developed through exploring their independence. When a child utilizes their independence and fix their own cereal, but wastes all of the milk, a sense of guilt may overtake them due to their parents reaction. This stage is critical Around the ages of six to eleven the fourth stage will take place which is industry versus inferiority. Children develop an increasing sense of competence by taking the initiative, expanding their opportunities, and feeling a sense of accomplishment; they become productive. (Mossler, 2011) As part of their developing personality, children must balance independence of actions with possible negative consequences of those actions. (Mossler, 2011) In the fifth stage of psychosocial development, identity versus confusion occurs. This stage should happen between the ages of twelve to eight- een. As a teenager matures, they must establish themselves in society. When children are allowed to explore, create, and accomplish, they develop the competence necessary to define goals and forge a unique sense of self. (Mossler, 2011) Conversely, if teenagers feel a sense of inferiority, they do not develop feelings of accomplishment and purpose. Current and future roles remain undefined. (Mossler, 2011) The next stage Erickson describes is the intimacy versus isolation, which occurs from the ages of twenty to forty. In this stage one develops close intimate elationships and some experience marriage, or one can become isolated and shut down. Generatively versus stagnation is the next stage. It occurs from forty years old to sixty-five years old. This stage allows one to think of how they can give back. Erickson states that one wonders how they can provide for the next generation. The other option one may have is to turn inward and not think of helping anyone in the future. The final stage in Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development is integrity versus despair. A person will dwell in this stage from sixty-five years old to their eath. This stage allows the person to reminisce on their life, whether they are pleased with their actions or some may be disappointed. Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development were deep, but yet simple. It is something everyone will go through and experience. Every stage is relatable whether it is applicable to one’s life now, or to a child one may be raising. The last theorist is Mr. Jean Piaget. Jean Piaget (1896-1980) was a Swiss developmental psychologist who remains perhaps the most influential fgure in the study of child development. (Mossler, 2011) Piaget regarded imself as engaged in genetic epistemology, the study of what knowledge is through an empirical investigation of how our epistemic relations to objects are improved. Cambridge, 1999) Piaget theorized that children progress through four stages of development that are initiated by biology and governed by the principles of organization and adaptation. (Mossler, 2011) The four cognitive development stages that Piaget believes children go through are sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operation, and formal operation. The cognitive sy stem of the adult is neither learned, n the Skinnerian sense, nor genetically preprogrammed. Rather, it results from the organization of specific interactions whose character is shaped both by the features of the objects interacted with (a process called accommodation) and by the current cognitive system of the child (a process called assimilation). (Cambridge, 199) The first stage is sensorimotor. This stage occurs from birth until about the age of two. In this stage Piaget states that infants gain understanding through their movements and sense which are coordinated by reflexes. Infants learn to grasp for things when an item in placed in their hands. When a baby is born their hand open and close and when an adult places their finger in their little hand, the infants hand automatically reflexes with behavior, which is how a baby knows to combine the sucking behavior to the grasp reflexes. As they continue to grow they continuous apply behavior with reflexes, which prepares them for the second stage. The second stage is preoperational which takes place between the ages of two through seven. In this stage children begin to connect words, images, and object. Their imagination allows them to use objects to represent real life things that they ave seen before. For instance they may use blocks to make buildings in a town. My sons have used all of their play cars to make a parade and utilize stuffed animals to give the impressions of the ones who ride in the vehicles. These cognitive limitations are readily evident in the child’s lack of conservation, the ability to understand that properties of objects do not change with alterations in the object’s form. For example, using a typical Piagetian conservation task, a child at this stage believes the amount of water changes because the liquid is poured from a short, wide bottle into a tall, arrow container. Encyclopedic, 2006) Throughout the concrete operational stage (7-11 years), school-aged children develop mental abilities for logically thinking about, as well as systematically classifying, concrete objects and events. (Encyclopedic, 2006) This stage begins when the child can perform mental operations on concrete objects actually or imagined to be physically experienced (Green and Piel 2002). Children in this stage do more than Just the imagination of the prior stage. Thought is guided by logic as children become able to sort using complex lassification systems. Mossler, 2011). This stage prepares them for the final stage. The last stage is formal operations, which begins at the age of eleven and continues throughout their adolescent years. Adolescents apply logical thinking and abstract reasoning to ideas and hypothetical possibilities. (Galotti, 1999) Hypothetic reasoning occurs with outcomes attached. As adults we are all faced with problems but have to hypothetical fgure out the outcomes so we may know how to react. This is an ongoing process once you reach this stage and continues through the duration of life. The three main theories Sigmund Freud, Erik Erickson, and Jean Piaget had a lot in common and also a lot different in their theories. We all cross each stage at one time or another, whether it was psychosocially or physically. Taking this class helped me realize each stage and compare it to my own life and my children lives who I can see which stage each one of them are in. Each age that the theorist states they go through are the exact age they are in the stage. In this paper I have compare and contrasted different theories from each while explaining each theory from each theorist. How to cite Child psychology, Papers Child Psychology Free Essays A Child Psychologist generally specializes in understanding, preventing, diagnosing and treating emotional or behavior problems in children. A Child Psychologist evaluates and treats emotional or learning disorders in children. This work can be done in a private, clinical, or public sector and counseling practice or in school and other learning environments. We will write a custom essay sample on Child Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now They are engaged in the study of the psychological processes of children and adolescents, particularly, how they are different from adults in their psychological development.Many Child Psychologists specialize in abuse counseling, learning development, speech disorders or general practice. Child Psychologist Educational Requirements Anyone wishing to practice as a Child Psychologist should check the requirement for certification and licensing in their state. In most states, an Ed. S. in School Psychology or School Counseling is needed to work in a school. Most Child Psychologists earn a Doctor of Psychology or a Ph. D. in Child Psychology.These degrees equip individuals with the skills necessary to meet minimum certification requirements, including a thesis and graduate study. A 1-year internship is necessary for anyone looking to practice in a clinical setting, counseling or school psychology. (http://degreedirectory. org/articles/Child_Psychologist_Job_Duties_Employment_Outlook_and_Educati onal_Requirements. html) Personal Qualities And Abilities Needed To become a Psychologist you will need to be:Patient, Caring, Good Listener, Good Communication Skills, Good Presentation Skills, Know Knowledge In A Scientific Way, Hard Working, Understanding, Polite, and Helpful. Working Conditions And Possible Places Of Employment About 34 percent of psychologists are self-employed, mainly as private practitioners and independent consultants. Employment growth will vary by specialty; for example, clinical, counseling, and school psychologists will have 11 percent growth; industrial-organizational psychologists, 26 percent growth; and 14 percent growth is expected for all other psychologists.Acceptance to graduate psychology programs is highly competitive. Job opportunities should be the best for those with a doctoral degree in a subfield, such as health; those with a master’s degree will have good prospects in industrial-organization; bachelor’s degree holders will have limited prospects. (http://www. bls. gov/oco/ocos056. htm) Advancement Opportunities Psychologist can start out from being in school to becoming an intern. Then from an employee to earning a raise.Then from an employer to opening a private practice. Wages And Benefits Psychologist Benefits: High Annual Salary Psychologists in clinical, counseling or school-related roles make an average of $70,190 a year, reports the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, www. bls. gov. Furthermore, industrial-organizational Psychologists, who are often employed as consultants by businesses, can earn six-figure incomes as they gain experience. Additionally, school psychologists can make over $40,000 in their first year, reports Payscale. com.Clinical Psychologists in private practice can set their hourly fees as high as market demand allows. Psychologist Benefits: Knowledge of Human Nature In order to be successful in their jobs, Psychologists must have a keen understanding of human nature. During school, they are taught many different theories of human behavior as well as various therapeutic techniques. Psychologists can informally apply their training to events that occur in everyday life to create more harmonious relationships with others. Psychologist Benefits: Flexible Work HoursPsychologists new to the field or those who work for schools, businesses and other organizations aren’t usually able to set their own hours, but Psychologists in private practice can. They can determine when to set appointments with patients. Many Psychologists in private practice choose to work evenings, mornings or weekends, depending on personal preference. (http://degreedirectory. org/articles/What_are_the_Benefits_of_Being_a_Psychologist. html) Median annual wages of wage and salary clinical, counseling, and school psychologists were $64,140 in May 2008.The middle 50 percent earned between $48,700 and $82,800. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $37,900, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $106,840. Median annual wages in the industries employing the largest numbers of clinical, counseling, and school psychologists were: Offices of other health practitioners| $68,400| Elementary and secondary schools| 65,710| State government| 63,710| Outpatient care centers| 59,130| Individual and family services| 57,440| Median annual wages of wage and salary industrial-organizational psychologists were $77,010 in May 2008. The middle 50 percent earned between $54,100 and $115,720. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $38,690, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $149,120. Job Outlook For The Future The job outlook for Child Psychologist is pretty good for the future. There will still be people with issues and problems. As the population grows, there will be even more troubled people or people who seek marriage counseling. Address For Additional Information http://www. childpsychologist. com/ How to cite Child Psychology, Papers

Assurance and Forensic Accounting †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Assurance and Forensic Accounting. Answer: Introduction: D-Merton is a very profitable hi-technology based company with across 400 million revenues. Fortunes of D-Merton had boosted with the launch of S1 technology. During S1D launching, everyone in the company expected a bright future for the company in the IT industry but, it was their false assurance, due to the fraud activity in the organization. From the understanding of the following case study, many key issues have been recognized that can be associated with fraud act like testing firm was the same firm that designed the testing tools, financial limitation, time boundation to launch S1D, diversification, increasing cyber attack to break security, weak internal control, inappropriate assessment of the companys defense. The technical team had carried out 20 different pen tests, including browser exploits and analyzed a range of vulnerabilities, dos attacks, phishing and troj. These tests identified 50 serious flaws in the defenses in the overall system or designed database. The major issue was there that there were 4 different IT systems running with the inherited group from acquisitions and all of these IT systems had different protection level. In that case, the chances of attack by outsourcer have increased to break the protection level. The Board of Directors also showed doubt for their current technology and their original technology. They were not sure about the new technologys reliability. Some other ethical issues are also recognized from the case study, like employees wanted to take decisions on individual basis according to their own perception which created conflicts with their colleagues(CSO, 2017). During discussion in meetings, they covered the part of personal relations to perform business activities which created biased behavior in the company. Fraud Triangle The Fraud triangle is a designed framework that explains the reasons behind an employees decision to commit fraud at their workplace. The main stages of Fraud triangle are Pressure, Opportunity Rationalization. These are the main factors which lead to unethical behavior or fraud (HRZone, 2017). With the help of this fraud triangle framework, we can easily understand the reasons behind committed fraud at D-Merton. As we know, that it is necessary to maintain transparency in business operations to enhance reliability and overall efficiency but here, situation seems to be different. All the employees have independent understanding about created business issues like reduced revenue, cyber attack, limited financial facility etc. So, they all have different ways to overcome that situation they take decisions independently by their own perception and some of them adopt unethical behavior and commit fraud. Now here, we correlate the stages of fraud triangle with the actual incident at D-Me rton. Pressure - Pressure is one of the main angles that examine the fact behind the act. It can be used as a motivation which influences a person to commit such type of fraud act(EY, 2011). In a case of D-Merton, Financial limitation became a major reason to create such type of pressure. Opportunity - An opportunity must be present in the mind of fraudster. Its a temporary situation that arises in which people perceive it as a chance to commit an unethical behavior without a chance of being caught (CLM, 2017). When a company does not aggressively and actively investigate all the fraud claims, then such type of opportunities increased. At D-Merton, the main reasons that exist in this stage of fraud triangle are poor internal control, diversity, biased behavior and weak processes procedures. Rationalization - It is a cognitive and final stage in the fraud triangle. It requires an individual to be able to justify such unethical behavior in their own way i.e. acceptable to their internal moral compass(ACFE, 2017). There are many points like the company is not paying enough; company deserves the loss, any type of dissatisfaction in employees mind etc(AGA, 2017). During the discussion with the employees, there were various statement identified like high remuneration package of new CEO and auditors personal relation with Premintel etc. So, these are some points that may have driven the employees to perform any unethical act. To form opinion, an auditor gathers sufficient evidence, appropriate information, tests and compares and then confirm after reasonable assurance. Auditors then give their opinion whether the given financial statements are free from material misstatement or it is due to error and fraud(GRFCA, 2017). In a case of D-Merton, issue of reliability was the major concern. During the meeting of the top level management, the main topic under discussion was whether they should appoint the new auditors because of the current issues like reduction in sales of S1A and inappropriate cash flows. CFO also shows his doubt for the actual current value in the financial statements. Auditors also raised the query about the changes between using technology and original technology. They didnt get the appropriate assurance from the technical team, so the overall efficiency declined. It was recognized that financial statements have some reliable issues. Cash flows statements also failed to state the actual re venue from the S1A, S1B and S1C version. So, it can be easily analyzed that auditing process failed to find the fact behind these misstatements. Adam Cranston, son of Michael Cranston, who is a deputy tax commissioner, was arrested because of an alleged tax fraud of $165 million. However, Michael Cranston have also been charged for abusing his position being a public official, the tax officials opine that that they believe Michael to be unaware regarding the alleged conspiracy as he played a significant role in the high profile fraud investigations, including Operation Wickenby and release of Panama papers. It was considered to be as the biggest white collar fraud case in the history of Australia. As per the report of the Australian Federal Police, the company was alleged for drawing off $165 million in tax and using it for lavishly purposes. The case has been resulted in a series of arrests along with son and daughter of Michael, and the abduction of number of luxury goods, together with sports cars and light planes. Later on, Plutus was described by the police as a legitimate payroll company, but being operated by the membe rs of the alleged crime syndicate(Khadem, 2017). How Fraud was Committed The whole case is like that Plutus accepted money from legitimate clients to process the payroll on their behalf. The company transferred the money to seven sub-contracted Tier 2 companies, which then made payroll payments to individual workers of the clients. The directors of these companies were recruited to likely to operate the companies, but in actual, they knew nothing about the operations. There was found to be the effective control of the crime syndicate members. These Tier 2 companies were required to submit Pay As You Go (PAYG) tax payments for maintenance to the ATO for their clients, as their contractual obligation towards the legitimate payroll of the clients of the company. However, it was investigated that the companies paid only a part of their tax obligations to the ATO, and the remaining was drawn off by the syndicate members and channeled through various companies and trusts for their personal benefits. Plutus Payroll was well known among the IT contractors and the y all went into trouble due to no payment to thousands of workers, when the accounts of the company were frozen by the ATO(Buckingham-Jones, 2017). The technology workers complained of their missing payments managed by Plutus at the Whirlpool forums, and their lack of response as well. Later on, the website for Plutus Payroll Australia had removed all the content, replaced by a single message remaining that the company has suspended its business because of commercial dispute(Evans, 2017). However, the company released a mail that ATO had agreed to allow the release of wages owed to the contractors. SYNEP, a private equity firm which bought Plutus in 2016 but the page on its website for its portfolio was also found to be empty, however, the investment by the SYNEP in Plutus is there on webarchive.org. The case of fraud has been concentrated over a company named Plutus, which helps large companies in paying the contractors. Adam Cranston, who was arrested for fraud, was a director and secretary of SYNEP, the company which is the owner of Plutus. As per the IT contractor of the Plutus, residing in Canberra, he got an email by the company that they have suspended their operations due to their commercial dispute, which had prevented them from making payments. According to him, after few days, Plutus approved their issue to all their contractors in a detailed manner saying that their dispute was with Australian Taxation Office, who supposes that the company owe them money. Due to this reason, ATO acted in an unfair manner and froze their bank accounts without providing them with a warning or without any consultation with them. Moreover, the company denied of the claim by ATO and stating its tax compliance, objected in the courts. While the company was investigated by Senator Cameron, h e found that hundreds of federal police officials were involved(Pash, 2017). Furthermore, he found that contractors had been employed by the contracting firms and agencies, which were then contracted out to the government agencies, which were then paying through this company. Above it, the profiles of the registered directors seemed unusual, out of which, few of the directors had no qualifications as directors. Number of government agencies was involved such as ABC, the Department of Immigration and Border Security, NDIS, and Social Security, and Defense. Evidence Obtained for Proving Fraud Adam Cranston was arrested in Sydney due to the sting operation performed by Australian Federal Police (AFP)(Spencer, 2017). Michael Cranston, who was considered to be as unaware about the facts was opined by the police to be intertwined in the activities performed by others, has also been issued with a court notice for attendance. The investigation was described by the AFP as the most significant white-collar criminal investigation in the Australia considering the huge number of people and amount of cash that was involved(Olding, 2017). The police officials alleged that the criminal syndicate had the lavishly standard of living and had preoccupied the taxpayer funds for the purchase of jewellery, planes, property, sports cars, artwork and wines. In the form of evidence, the police officials had seized 25 motor vehicles, $15 million in bank accounts, 18 residential properties, 12 motorbikes, 2 aircrafts, and firearms, jewellery, unique artworks, vintage wines, and $1 million in a saf e deposit box. In this way, so much of evidential materials were gathered by the police officials. As a result of all these seizures, nine people were arrested and charged(Daniel Stuart, 2017). In addition to it, in our opinion, the police officials should have taken the financial records of the company as well as of the persons involved in the fraud. The police officials should investigate upon the number of people or groups involved with this company and should investigate them as well, particularly, SYNEP. Furthermore, the workers owing money from the company should be paid immediately by the accounts of the culprits. Steps to Finalize Case In compliance with the Accounting Professional Ethical Standards (APES), under APES 215, which establishes standards for the members in terms of quality and ethical Forensic Accounting Services (FAS), should be read in combination with other professional duties of the members and the legal obligations that may possibly be applied. Taking into consideration the regulation, there are two steps that are required to be undertaken to finalize the case for the purpose of submission to a court of law. Firstly, the investigators should analyze the accounts of all the accused persons to investigate their credits and debits and the sources behind the amount of money transferred to their accounts. As the company is not fraudulent, but the criminal syndicate, the financial statements will make the details clear(Butler, 2017). Secondly, the value of the property and other materials seized by the police can provide an idea about the source of income of the persons involved and the purchases made by them, which will indicate the fraud committed by them. Therefore, the court will be able to recognize the matter taking into consideration all these facts. Conclusion From the understanding of key issues, fraud triangle framework and auditors role, it can be concluded that D-Merton is facing an issue of fraud by their own organizational structure, which affect its overall performance. The rating of their successful versions SA1, SA2 SA3 became down due to these fraud activities. They are facing the issue of cyber security because of their doubtful defense system. Fraud triangle framework helps to understand the reasoning behind these criminal activities at the workplace. Its three main stages, Pressure, Opportunity Rationalization explains the actual fact and helped to identify the issues. D-Merton is also facing the issue of financial misstatement due to the weak internal control and audit. As Auditor is the person who investigates the financial statement identify the gap but here, auditors also failed to bring the transparency. After analyzing the case of Plutus, it can be concluded that the criminal syndicate within the company were involved in a fraud of $165 million and utilized the money in their lavishly lifestyle. Adam Cranston was one of the nine culprits, who were arrested by a sting conducted by the police and a large amount of cash; expensive items and property were seized by the police officials. The company owed a lot of payments of the workers, which was then allowed by the ATO to release. Tier 2 companies were involved in the fraud triangle; however, they deleted all the data related to the Plutus from their sites. Therefore, it can be recommended to the investigators that they should analyze the case deeply and should investigate the other companies involved before their final submission to the court. References ACFE. (2017). The Fraud Triangle. Retrieved 2017, from acfe: https://www.acfe.com/fraud-triangle.aspx AGA. (2017). The Fraud Triangle. Retrieved 2017, from AGA: https://www.agacgfm.org/Fraud-Prevention-Toolkit/Fraud-Awareness-Mitigation/Fraud-Triangle.aspx Brumell Group. (2017, june). The Fraud Triangle Theory. Retrieved 2017, from brumell group: https://www.brumellgroup.com/news/the-fraud-triangle-theory/ Buckingham-Jones, S. (2017). Payroll fraud accused overloaded by evidence, court told. Retrieved from theaustralian.com.au: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/payroll-fraud-accused-overloaded-by-evidence-court-told/news-story/ed43478d5bc8eeec31306140a4e2faa1 Butler, B. (2017). Plutus scam: Lawyers caught up in payroll fraud sting. Retrieved from theaustralian.com.au: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/plutus-scam-lawyers-caught-up-in-payroll-fraud-sting/news-story/22f9df1654d0988b22e24ddf33d94504 CLM. (2017). The Fraud Triangle Theory. Retrieved 2017, from CLM: https://clmmag.theclm.org/home/article/Insurance-fraud-triangle-theory CSO. (2017). CSO. Retrieved 2017, from Fraud prevention: Improving internal controls: https://www.csoonline.com/article/2127917/fraud/fraud-prevention-fraud-prevention-improving-internal-controls.html Daniel, S., Stuart, R. (2017). ATO fraud case: How did the investigation into the alleged $165m theft unfold? Retrieved from abc.net.au: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-05-18/how-the-afp-investigation-into-ato-fraud-unfolded/8536784 Evans, M. (2017). How the alleged $165 million tax scam worked. Retrieved from smh.com.au: https://www.smh.com.au/national/how-the-alleged-165-million-tax-scam-worked-20170518-gw7wuz.html (2011). The Fraud watch. Retrieved 2017, from EY: https://www.ey.com/in/en/services/assurance/fraud-investigation---dispute-services/fraud-watch---viewpoint GRFCA. (2017). Gelman Rosenberg Freedman. Retrieved 2017, from What an Auditor Does and Doesnt Do: https://www.grfcpa.com/resources/publications/auditor-responsibilities/ HRZone. (2017). What is the Fraud Triangle? Retrieved 2017, from hrzone: https://www.hrzone.com/hr-glossary/what-is-the-fraud-triangle Khadem, N. (2017). ATO to work with Plutus clients at centre of alleged tax fraud. Retrieved from nvi.com.au: https://www.nvi.com.au/story/4694352/ato-to-work-with-plutus-clients-at-centre-of-alleged-tax-fraud/?cs=9 Olding, R. (2017). How an alleged $165m tax fraud syndicate unravelled. Retrieved from theland.com.au: https://www.theland.com.au/story/4672810/how-an-alleged-165m-tax-fraud-syndicate-unravelled/?cs=7 Pash, C. (2017). What we know about Plutus Payroll, the company allegedly at the centre of Australia's biggest tax fraud. Retrieved from businessinsider.com.au: https://www.businessinsider.com.au/what-we-know-about-plutus-payroll-the-company-allegedly-at-the-centre-of-australias-biggest-white-collar-fraud-case-2017-5 Spencer, L. (2017). Plutus Payroll enters administration after $165M tax fraud investigation. Retrieved from arnnet.com.au: https://www.arnnet.com.au/article/620426/plutus-payroll-enters-administration-after-165m-tax-fraud-investigation/

Synopsis Of A Clockwork Orange Essays - English-language Films

Synopsis Of A Clockwork Orange Synopsis of A Clockwork Orange In A Clockwork Orange, the main character is that of a mildly young child of 15 who, along with his fellow friends, or Droogs, partake in evenings of Ultra-Violence. Ultra Violence consists of random beatings, theft, destruction, and rape. The main character, Alex, is the self-proclaimed leader of the pack, and makes judgment on their actions pending on his mood. His Droogs eventually find themselves under his direct rule, following his every word, and decide to challenge his authority. The three Droogs (Dim, Georgie, and Pete) join Alex on his romp to a local fat farm to pillage the goods therein. Inside, Alex stumbles upon the owner of the resort, and after a length scuffle with her, ends up giving her a blow to the head with a rather large, ceramic replica of an erect penis. When he leaves the outer gates of the complex, Dim surprises him by smacking a milk bottle against his face. His counterparts escape while little Alex is left bleeding and blinded to deal with the police. Upon interrogation of Alex, he discovers that the blow he delivered to the young lady was a fatal one. He is charged with first-degree murder and sentenced to 14 years in prison. While there, he befriends the resident minister and becomes a helper to his service. The minister, Alex soon discovers, is a part in a new form of treatment that is trying to be implemented prisons to help cure inmates from committing acts of violence. Through luck and discussion with the higher officials in the prison, Alex is chose to be a guinea pig for the experiment, and is sent to become inoculated from violence. The treatment consisted of Alex being strapped down to a chair in front of a cinema screen, having electrodes attached to his head, and being kept focused by small pairs of clamps used to disable his ability to blink. This, along with the injection of an experimental serum, is monitored whilst he views movies of UltraViolence. The serum leaves him vulnerable to his surroundings, which are destructive films, and induces such feelings of helplessness, fear, and near-death paralysis, similar to that of drowning. Alex soon associates this feeling of distraught with the violence, and with the background music being played throughout the entire ordeal: Beethoven, Alex's main love. The final result is that whenever Alex is confronted with either violent acts of any kind, or the sweet strings of Ludwig Van, he is soon on his knees in pain and agony. When he is released, his parents abandon him. He meets up with a few members of his old gang that have turned into crooked cops, and with their newfound power and long-lasting loathe of Alex, they beat him much and leave him for dead, this of which brought on the sickness that he was conditioned for. Stumbling in the dark for help, he comes across a polite looking residence that looked vaguely familiar. Eventually, Alex realizes that he is in the presence of a former victim of his, but believes that the owner would not recognize him. To his dismay, the author did recognize him after hearing Alex sing a song in a very similar fashion to the way his attackers did 2 years ago. After slipping a sedative into Alex's wine, Alex wakes up to find himself in a locked room on the second floor of an apartment high-rise. Through the floorboards, Alex starts to hear the hateful sounds of Beethoven, and goes into his sickness fits. No exits, No escapes. His only way out is to jump out of the closed window and end his life. He does just that. Alex wakes in a hospital. The author was jailed for attempted murder, and the government officials that started the program were ridiculed and harassed out of their positions. Alex finds himself broken and hurt, but his thoughts are that of the Ultra-Violence. Alex was cured and ready to live again. Aspects of Psychology In A Clockwork Orange, Alex is portrayed as two different people living within the same body. As a mischievous child raping the world, he as seen as filth.

Appearances Can Be Deceiving

Appearances Can Be Deceiving Free Online Research Papers Everyone has experiences that prove to be defining moments in their lives- moments that cause us to look at the world or ourselves and what we can accomplish differently, moments that affect a change of opinion on a particular subject. In Mark Jarman’s poem Ground Swell, published in 1997, there is a very clear example of this; but in Sherman Alexie’s short story, â€Å"Class,† published in 2000, six years ago, this moment is elusive, perhaps even nonexistent. Appearances can be deceiving, but sometimes accurate, and in these two literary works, I will argue that one is true for each- the particular moment in actuality did change the person; and that the moment only superficially changed the character, and even then only for a short while (perhaps even not at all). In the first piece I will talk about, Mark Jarman’s poem Ground Swell, the defining moment for the main character, who is fifteen in the time he’s recalling- who I’m arbitrarily assuming to be Mark himself, though I think inaccurately- is when ¬ he is out in the early morning, surfing, and is noticed by someone who has just graduated and â€Å"grown a great blonde mustache† (p.808, line31), which prompts him to â€Å"reconsider [his worldly] worth† (p.808, line 37). The first couple lines of this story reminded me a lot of the movie Dazed and Confused- â€Å"Is nothing real but when I was fifteen / going on sixteen, like a corny song?† (p.808, line 1-2). There’s no real connection between them, but they do share a theme of teen . . . angst is the only word I can think of. This, in conjunction with the poem’s generally melancholy and blue tone, kind of gives me the impression that his mindset at the time was â€Å"if these are the best years of my life, kill me now,† which is a line said in Dazed and Confused. The second literary piece is a short story by Sherman Alexie and is entitled â€Å"Class.† It’s a fairly straight-forward story, and by the end, after what we’ve read of what he’s gone through, some of us (desperately) want for him to have changed. The â€Å"defining† moment for this main character, a native-American named Edgar Eagle Runner- and an argument cold be made for two defining moments- occurs when Edgar discovers the love notes between his wife and her lover (not Edgar); and possibly when he decides to fight Junior near the end. But I said I would argue that neither of these are defining moments. Part of this stems from the cold, emotional detachment of the story; and another part stems from the fact that he was writing- probably thinking, now that I think about it- about what happened with 20/20 hindsight, and that put an inflection to his voice, which I think came through, however subtly; and yet another part comes from the matter-of-fact, just-the-facts-and-nothing-else prose: we never get inside his head to read what he’s thinking and why he reacted they way he did, and therefore never really connect with him, though we think we have. Personally, I think it could have been a bit more loquacious. I’ve yet to talk in detail about the actual events and how they changed the character in Ground Swell. To refresh your memory, the character being written about is fifteen, going on sixteen, and while out surfing one early morning (we’re led to presume after the school year has ended), he’s noticed by a now graduated former fellow student, with some surprise. Up until that point, like I said earlier, I think he has a very â€Å"if these are the best years of my life, kill me now† attitude at the moment. And based on this, after this moment, I think he got the will to live again- really live, and do something in life, not just listlessly loiter around. If Jarman, the author, is describing a real, past event of his- which earlier I said I was beginning to question- it is a very surreal event: a now-graduated senior noticed him, an innocuous, newly enrolled freshman (perhaps now a sophomore), among huge, more noticeable waves- peers. The passage reads:  "There was a day or two when [. . .] / an older boy [. . .] / skimmed past me [. . .] / and said my name. I was so much younger, / to be identified by one like him [. . .] / made me / reconsider my worth. I had been noticed. / [. . .] He had said my name / without scorn, just a bit surprised / to notice me among those trying the big waves / of the morning break.† (page 808, lines 29-43). I get a hint that this kid didn’t have very many friends, probably because he didn’t care enough one way or the other, I think mainly because he was so innocuous, and therefore he never had the best self-esteem. After this moment, having been noticed, a new door opened inside and a new person emerged. Though I don’t think this is even hinted at, I get the feeling the older boy was a more popular boy. If so, that would make being noticed even more significant to this person because that would mean he’s not as worthless as he thought, in any sense- looks, popularity, grades, etc. Near the end of the poem, a few lines make me think of what his future will be: â€Å"He came home in a bag / that may have mixed in pieces of his squad. / Yes, I can write about a lot of things / besides the summer that I turned sixteen. / But that’s my ground swell.† (page 809, lines 48-52). Having been noticed by what I have deemed a popular boy- for him a life-changing event- and then seeing him come home in a bag, the possibility of other people mixed in on the table, I sense a strong, yet ever so subtle hint that he became some sort of political activist, or maybe a politician (though I kind of doubt this one). The other story I will talk about is â€Å"Class,† by Sherman Alexie. The story here is also very straight-forward; however, it doesn’t start at the beginning of where the author started it. It starts around the time he enters the bar- everything else is just back-story information so it seems the last line has more weight than it really does. I said there are two events some might call life-changing for Edgar: when he finds his wife’s lover’s letters, and when he decides to fight Junior. I also said I would argue that neither of these are life-changing, and in fact, nothing in this story is. We first find out about the affair in this line: â€Å"[. . .] while Susan kept he Friday lunches free so she could carry on an / affair with an architect named Harry[,]† (p.588, line 80.1-2) and goes on to say he â€Å"discovered his love letters hidden in a shoe box at the bottom of her walk-in / closet.† (P.588, line 80.5-6) This blunt, mater-of-fact prose is very stripped- stripped of emotion, of excess words, excess anything really- and as such, I don’t think we can really sympathize with him- it’s out of the blue, with no foreshadowing, and, for me at least, actually kind of awkward. A 20/20 hindsight inflection can be heard, and I think it hurts the story deeply. Later in the story, Edgar decides to fight Junior (he â€Å"looked like Chief Broom in One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest.† (p592, line175.11)). But this also isn’t a life-changing event because nothing really comes of it. We neither see the change prompting it, nor the aftereffects. At the very least, Alexie could have had a closing paragraph, style- and prose-consistent, detailing how the fight effected him. Instead, he just has the line â€Å"I was gone. But now I’m back.† (p.596, line 310.2). Personally, in and of itself, I like this line, it’s a very cool line. But I don’t think such a superficial sto ry deserved such a (possibly) deep and meaning-filled ending. I know I’ve heard this ending before, but if this is where we got it, I can only think that someone was drawn into the false emotion of this story. Here, the ending just reeks of pretension and emotional manipulation- making you care about something that through no evidence from the story you should care about. In conclusion, moments are experienced by all which prove to be great and important moments in a person’s life- sometimes these are moments which make us look at the world and/or ourselves in a new light, and sometimes these moments cause us to change our attitude or outlook on a particular subject. In the poem Ground Swell, by Mark Jarman, published in 1997, there is a very great, and very clear example of this; however, in a short story by Sherman Alexie published in 2000 entitled â€Å"Class,† the example we want to be there actually isn’t, but in fact is lost (if ever it was there) in a prose that screams superficial and false. I have argued, successfully I hope, my stance on each of these literary works regarding these moments, or lack thereof. Research Papers on Appearances Can Be DeceivingMind TravelThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionHip-Hop is ArtThe Hockey GameComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoWhere Wild and West Meet19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThree Concepts of Psychodynamic

Beginners Guide to Using an IDE Versus a Text Editor

Beginner's Guide to Using an IDE Versus a Text Editor The best tool for Java programmers as they begin writing their first programs is a debatable topic. Their goal has to be learning the basics of the Java language. Its also important that the programming should be fun. Fun for me is writing and running programs with the least amount of hassle. The question then becomes not so much how to learn Java as where. The programs have to be written somewhere and choosing between using a type of text editor or an integrated development environment can determine just how much fun programming can be. What Is a Text Editor? There isnt a way to spruce up what a text editor does. It creates and edits files that contain nothing more than plain text. Some wont even offer you a range of fonts or formatting options. Using a text editor is the most simplistic way to write Java programs. Once the Java code is written it can be compiled and run by using command-line tools in a terminal window. Example Text Editors: Notepad (Windows), TextEdit (Mac OS X), GEdit (Ubuntu) What Is a Programming Text Editor? There are text editors that are made specifically for writing programming languages. Were calling them programming text editors to highlight the difference, but they are generally known simply as text editors. They still only deal with plain text files but they also have some handy features for programmers: Syntax Highlighting: Colors are assigned to highlight different parts of a Java program. It makes code easier to read and debug. For example, you could set up syntax highlighting so that Java keywords are blue, comments are green, string literals are orange, and so on.Automatic Editing: Java programmers format their programs so that blocks of code are indented together. This indentation can be done automatically by the editor.Compilation and Execution Commands: To save the programmer having to switch from the text editor to a terminal window these editors have the ability to compile and execute Java programs. Therefore, debugging can be done all in one place. Example Programming Text Editors: TextPad (Windows), JEdit (Windows, Mac OS X, Ubuntu) What Is an IDE? IDE stands for Integrated Development Environment. They are powerful tools for programmers that offer all the features of a programming text editor and much more. The idea behind an IDE is to encompass everything a Java programmer could want to do in one application. Theoretically, it should allow them to develop Java programs faster. There are so many features an IDE can contain that the following list contains only a selected few. It should highlight how useful they can be to programmers: Automatic Code Completion: Whilst typing in Java code the IDE can help by showing a list of possible options. For example, when using a String object a programmer might want to use one of its methods. As they type, a list of methods they can choose from will appear in a popup menu.Access Databases: To help connect Java applications to databases IDEs can access different databases and query data contained within them.GUI Builder: Graphical user interfaces can be created by dragging and dropping Swing components onto a canvas. The IDE automatically writes the Java code that creates the GUI.Optimization: As Java applications become more complex, speed and efficiency become more important. Profilers built into the IDE can highlight areas where the Java code could be improved.Version Control: Previous versions of source code files can be kept. Its a useful feature because a working version of a Java class can be stored. If in the future it is modified, a new version can be created. If the modifications cause problems the file can be rolled back to the previous working version. Example IDEs: Eclipse (Windows, Mac OS X, Ubuntu), NetBeans (Windows, Mac OS X, Ubuntu) What Should Beginner Java Programmers Use? For a beginner to learn the Java language they dont need all the tools contained within an IDE. In fact, having to learn a complex piece of software can be as daunting as learning a new programming language. At the same time, its not much fun to continually switch between a text editor and a terminal window in order to compile and run Java programs. Our best advice tends to favor using NetBeans under the strict instructions that beginners ignore almost all of its functionality at the beginning. Focus purely on how to create a new project and how to run a Java program. The rest of the functionality will become clear when its needed.

Autonomy of Financial Institutions Research Paper

Autonomy of Financial Institutions - Research Paper Example While politicians and regulators propose a regulated trade system that would mitigate risks of default of one party, maintaining transparency, and providing consistent prices, the bankers pull in the complete opposite direction. The banks want the market to remain as it is whereby over the counter derivatives (OTC) remain unregulated and with unpublished prices to the public. Banks warn that any ban on the unregulated OTC will upset the current markets and lead to possible lawsuits. However, the European Commission maintains that its proposal for a regulation is meant to protect consumers, and spur competition. Thus, on this issue, bankers and politicians hardly see eye to eye. The U.S, as an answer too to the Great Depression, also passed the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, geared towards more regulations for the financial institutions. However, it lacks the cutting-edge proposal of banning the over the counter derivatives. It should be remembered that these proposals are law in no shortage of critics. While some people, especially bankers, say that it encroached too deeply into the financial institutions’ regulations; others argue that it is hard enough to curtail the possibility of another financial meltdown.  If the banks continue in the direction where there are no published prices for the OTC, no specified quantity and quality on the deliverable, then there is an obvious lack of transparency. This grey region only benefits the  banks. It cushions them from taking the responsibility of the financial losses.  Bankers argue that the small companies which have not attained the exchange listing requirements will be l ocked out of the securities trade if the government bans the OTC. Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID) proposal is clear cut- it wants to ban the over the counter derivatives.

The Progress Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Progress Report - Assignment Example Chinese Restaurants are facing direct and indirect competition. So, in order to stay and remain competitive in the market Chinese Restaurants should work on increasing the awareness of their products. In the case of Chopsticks Express, this restaurant is targeting only the small amount of Chinese consumers, who are the students of the State College. My efforts would be to make awareness of the Chinese foods in the market along with highlighting how the local customers could be attracted towards Chinese foods. The role of supervisor has been important for this project and I have been guided by my supervisor throughout the project and this has helped in improving the quality. I have been incorporating the feedback of the supervisor and will continue doing so. After receiving further feedback, the research would continue its steps for the submission of its final draft of proposal. Work Completed I have received the approval and feedback from my instructor about my research. The feedback included instructions of carrying out my research and his instructions have been helpful in improving the work. I have identified that Chinese restaurants are facing some direct competition from the other Asian and American restaurants. The draft proposal of the project was due from 10th June and after modifying my research according to the feedback received I submitted my final proposal in the third week of June with my final topic of Research Information of Chinese Restaurants in State College. My research included analysis of different Chinese restaurants. 13 Asian and 8 Chinese restaurants are located in State College Downtown. Among the Chinese restaurants, Chopsticks Express offers the authentic cuisine of Chinese. Chopsticks express, situated in the center of the state downtown, enjoys the advantage that it could attract more customers apart from the local Chinese customers. I have identified the reason why the restaurant has not been highly successful and the reason is that it does not influence other customers of the region. I figured out that majority of the people do not visit Chopsticks Express because of its unpopularity. When I have researched on it further, I identified the reasons why no one would want to visit a restaurant which does not have a welcoming environment. In the ending days of June I was supposed to work on the demographic part. Demography included the study of population and size. The study included sample size of 800 customers who received questionnaires; these 800 people were those who belonged not only to the area of downtown but also those who visit downtown. The questionnaire was also provided for the managers of the Chinese restaurants operating in the State college downtown. Information and awareness play an important role in marketing of the restaurant. The responses suggested that awareness of Chinese food in US was relatively low and only local customers like Chinese students preferred Chinese cuisine in US. For determi ning the possible solutions for the Chinese restaurants to attract larger number of customers I submitted my recommendations on 30th June. Work to be completed Through this questionnaire I will try to identify the tastes and preferences of the people.I will also appoint interviews with the managers of the Chinese restaurants where I will ask questions related to my study. I want to help Chinese

Sertive style Essay Example for Free

Sertive style Essay â€Å"A Telephone Call† by Dorothy Parker is a short story that focuses on a woman waiting for a man to call her. He told her, â€Å"I’ll call you at five, darling† (Parker, 1) but as time passes he still has not called. She begins to bargain with God by begging Him to make the man call her as well as by keeping her from calling the man (Parker, 1). The woman in this short story takes a classic lamb’s approach to asserting herself. She begs and pleads with God by attempting to make her reasoning and logic seem sound while also attempting to make God feel compassionate towards her strong desire to have the man call her as he said he would. The lamb’s approach to assertiveness is not effective nor is it appropriate for a grown woman to use in her quest to get what she wants (Sichel, 14). Instead, Sichel suggests that the most effective form of assertiveness is the self-assertive style which does away with the threatening and whining that accompany other forms of assertiveness (14). Assertive style #1 is based on avoidance and using tactics to evoke guilt, to manipulate, to bully, to scare or to threaten (Sichel, 15). In â€Å"A Telephone Call† the woman uses the guilt tactic in order to try to get God to make the man call her immediately. She uses phrases such as, â€Å"let him call me now† or â€Å"I won’t ask anything else of you† (Parker, 1) in order to try to get God to feel sorry for her and to guilt Him into making the man call. As the story progresses, the woman begins to take a whining approach to convincing God to prompt the man to call right away. She rambles on about why he may not have called yet but then continues to plead with God to make the telephone ring. This technique is highly ineffective in getting what one wants because whining is very annoying and is particularly irritating coming from a grown woman. Attempting to make God do anything is a fruitless pursuit to begin with and adding pleading and begging to the mix is not an effective way to get what one wants. Assertive style #2 is concerned with narcissistic exaggeration that uses black and white statements to evoke a sense of drama into assertive statements. The lamb’s approach to assertiveness using this style depends on the use of phrases such as, â€Å"you’re never† and â€Å"it’s impossible† (Sichel, 15). The woman in â€Å"A Telephone Call† uses similar phrases in her attempt to get God to make the telephone ring. The woman also gets quite dramatic as is evident in her ramblings about possible reasons why the man has not called yet. She begins to wonder if he does not like her as she thought he did and goes on to believe that God is angry with her which leads to the ultimate dramatic expression that she wishes the man were dead (Parker, 1). Further, her constant waffling back and forth evokes a strong sense of drama into the short story because one second she is trying to convince herself that there is a very good reason why the man has not called yet and the next second she is wishing him ill will or even death (Parker, 1). Again, this type of assertiveness is neither effective nor mature. Phrases that use words such as â€Å"never† and â€Å"impossible† are highly dramatic because they are words that display exaggeration rather than problem solving techniques. Drama rarely leads to positive solutions but usually leads to the mind going off on tangents that never solve anything as is the case in â€Å"A Telephone Call. † Assertive style #3 focuses on the disavowel of assertion in order to appear nice. The lamb’s approach to using this assertive style is to appear nice by using such phrases as, â€Å"don’t you think it would be good? † (Sichel, 15). This type of questioning allows a person to get their anger out while also using a nice tone of voice in hopes that they will still get what they want. The woman in â€Å"ATelephone Call† is a master at this technique. During her pleading with God she says, â€Å"Ah, don’t let my prayer seem too little to you God† (Parker, 1). The reader is well aware of how desperate and angry the woman is becoming as the story progresses but the way she phrases this question evokes niceness without backing down on the anger. Similarly, she later asks God, â€Å"Are you punishing me God, because I’ve been bad? † (Parker, 1). It is clear from this statement that she is getting increasingly desperate and angry while also realizing that yelling and screaming at God will get her nowhere. This technique is not effective either. God, and most humans as well, can tell the difference between a sincere assertive question and an angry rant disguised by a nice tone of voice. The woman in this story is clearly desperate but goes about stating her case to God in an immature and childish way that garners no results. Assertive style #4 deals with indirect and evasive techniques instead of strong assertive behavior. The lamb’s approach to this style is to mask tough questions with gentle phrases such as, â€Å"do you think you might want to? † (Sichel, 15). Once again the woman in â€Å"A Telephone Call† uses this style in order to convince God to make the telephone ring. She does not ever come right out and say something truly assertive by telling God specifically what she wants and why it is important to her. Instead, she takes on a whining and manipulative tone of voice that relies on pleading and begging to get what she wants. At one point in the story she says, â€Å"I’ll be good, God. I will try to be better, I will, if you will let me see him again. If you will let me telephone me. Oh, let him telephone me now† (Parker, 1). These types of statements are whiny and manipulative and do not focus on the reasons why the woman wants God’s help and reassurance. Instead, they focus on pleading with God in the hopes that He will get tired of listening to her begging and grant her request. This type of assertiveness is rarely effective because it relies on the breaking point of humans in order to get what one wants. It is similar to a child whining until his or her parents get tired of hearing it and just give in to make it stop. Assertive style #5 deals with the issue of denial of ownership. The lamb’s approach to this style is to mask anger with words such as â€Å"never† (Sichel, 16). The woman in â€Å"A Telephone Call† uses this technique throughout the short story as she continues to bargain with God in hopes that the man will call. Towards the end of the story the woman’s begging and pleading begin to focus on God himself and the fact that he cannot possibly understand what she is going through. â€Å"You don’t know how it feels. You’re so safe, there on your throne, with the blue swirling under you. Nothing can touch you; no one can twist your heart in his hands† (Parker, 1). Again, instead of clearly stating her reasons why she hopes God can help her, she puts the blame on God. She takes the ownership of the problem off of herself and tries to make God see that, as a human woman, she is truly suffering, which is something that she does not feel God is taking seriously enough. Instead of talking with God about what her possible role in the problem could be, she makes herself appear to be an angel while the man who does not call and the entire situation are made to appear as the evil ones. This is not an effective assertive technique because it does not require a person to take responsibility for the problem as well as the eventual solution. Similar to the other styles, it relies on whining and begging and other childish behavior rather than adult behavior. â€Å"A Telephone Call† is a highly entertaining and amusing story. If the woman in the story had used the lion’s approach to assertiveness the story would have taken a dangerous and angry turn which would not have produced such an enjoyable story. Similarly, if the woman had taken the self-assertive approach in the story it would have turned out rather boring. However, this is a story and the lamb’s approach to assertiveness is neither amusing nor effective in real life. If a real woman had a similar problem and strongly wished for a man to call her she may indeed turn to God for help. However, in order to effectively state her case and make her wishes known there are several suggestions and recommendations she should follow in order to ensure that she is taking the very best approach to getting what she wants and avoiding the type of drama that the woman in the story displayed. First, she must eliminate all whining and manipulation. These tactics result in an avoidance of the true problem and makes the woman appear immature and desperate instead of assertive enough to state her case in a strong tone of voice. Second, the woman in the story would have been much more effective if she would have avoided narcissistic exaggeration and drama. These just add additional hurdles to overcome when trying to get what one wants. Instead, the woman would have been more effective if she would have told God why she thought the man should call and why it was so important to her to have him call. It would also be effective to remember to say â€Å"please† and â€Å"thank you† while making the request. Similarly, the woman would have been more successful if she had simply stated her case without trying to sugarcoat her anger. This is rarely effective because it makes a person appear fake rather than genuine. The woman should have explicitly stated what she wanted from God and politely requested that He work with her to find a solution. At the same time, the woman was also indirect and evasive when she was trying to convince God to make the telephone ring. Again, she would have been more successful if she would have told God specifically what she wanted Him to do in order to help her. Instead of begging and pleading, she could have simply made her request in a direct and up front manner. Finally, the woman in the story denied ownership of her role in the problem. This usually backfires because people who need help should take an active role in proposing a solution rather than denying any responsibility for the problem. The woman would have been more effective in her request if she would have told God exactly how she felt, why she felt that way and once again asked God for help. The self-assertive approach to asking for something is the most effective because it uses mature techniques that allow a person to speak their mind and make their case in a calm and collected manner that motivates those around them to want to help rather than give in to avoid a dramatic display of childish behavior. Parker, Dorothy. â€Å"A Telephone Call. † 20 March 2009 http://www. classicshorts. com/stories/teleycal. html. Sichel, Mark. â€Å"The Five Styles of Avoidance and Self-Assertion. †

Communication in business and information technology Essay -- essays r

Communication for Business and Information Technology Case Study. OLYMPIA PRODUCTIONS: Introduction: Olympia Productions is in itself a product of five independent entities, combining their resources to create an efficient and effective partnership. The transition from separate businesses to a singular partnership has been a new experience to every part of the partnership. The matter of using a participative or a hierarchical management style has yet to be determined. Management Approaches: Hierarchical: This management style requires leaders to make decisions without consolidations from fellow employees. According to Dwyer (1997), the leader of the group here is the one who announces the decision while all other members follow his/her orders. Dwyer states that this method is more likely to favour the businesses â€Å"interests† far ahead of that of employees. The employers of the previous five independent businesses had implemented this method and since they have been using its for so long, have become accustomed to it. Participative: The participative management method makes it essential for the leader to have an active role in making decisions. Dwyer (1997) recognises, He/She must ask fellow members opinions and ideas in order to achieve maximum output. An opposite result is identified by Dwyer. It has been suggested that the newly formed ‘Olympia Productions’, should consider this style of management. Implementation: Suggestion: Using a Hierarchical management style may have gotten objectives achieved much more timely, but team members have found the leader to be too dominating and therefore as a result: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Poor team participation† 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Low motivation† 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  and â€Å"Lack of creativity† are the consequences that have arisen as shown by Dwyer. The Participative method ensures that all member are actively involved in the entities operations. Dwyer displays the results as: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Shared responsibility† 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Encourages Self-Esteem† 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  and â€Å"Job satisfaction† are the benefits of a teamwork orientated management method which promotes easier communication. Dwyer explains both methods thoroughly but uses more positive incites on the participative method. Therefore all managers should be briefed on ... ...d supporting members† 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Giving feedback† 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Developing teamwork† 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  and â€Å"Counselling members† These simple steps outlined by Dwyer, display the encouraged communication in various ways. Management could ask for contributions into developing goals, and make jobs meaningful with rewards and compliments on successful work. Leaders represent fellow staff at meetings and give recognition. This strategy will impact Olympia Productions in a positive manner, as both management and staff receive cooperation and further develop communication. RERERENCES : Dwyer, J. 1997, The business communication handbook, 4th edition, Prentice Hall, Sydney. Crosling, G., & Ward, I. 1999, Graduates, workplace oral communication and undergraduate curriculum, [online], Monash University, Clayton. Jones, G., George, J.M., & Hill, C.W.L. 2000, Contemporary management, 2nd edition, McGraw- Hill Higher Education, Boston. (Technical advances in communication ) Jones, G., George, J.M., & Hill, C.W.L. 2000, Contemporary management, 2nd edition, McGraw- Hill Higher Education, Boston. ( Social responsibility )

Introduction to corporate social responsibility Essay

Corporate social responsibility is a figure of business self-regulation incorporated into a business model. CSR policy functions as a built-in, self-regulating mechanism whereby a business monitors and ensures its active compliance with the spirit of the law, ethical standards, and international norms. CSR is a process with the aim to embrace responsibility for the company’s actions and encourage a positive impact through its activities on the environment, consumers, employees, communities, stakeholders and all other members of the public sphere who may also be considered as stakeholders. There are four main parts to CSR fig 1: |Economic |Responsibility to earn profit for owners | |Legal |Responsibility to comply with the law | |Ethical |Not acting just for profit, but doing what is right, just and fair | |Voluntary and philanthropic |Promoting human welfare and goodwill | | |Being a good corporate citizen contributing to the community and quality of life | There are many substitute definitions of CSR. Examples of two are firstly An responsibility, beyond that mandatory by the law, for a business to follow long term objectives that are excellent for society. Secondly concerning how a business administer its business to create an overall constructive impact on the general public So in a brief social responsibly corporate involves †¢ Conducting business in an ethical way and in the interests of the wider community †¢ Responding positively to emerging societal priorities and expectations †¢ A compliance to take action ahead of regulatory confrontation †¢ Balancing shareholder interests against the interests of  the wider community †¢ Being a good citizen in the area

Observational Learning

There are a number of places where toddlers could be observed unobtrusively – at the park , the playground , the mall , and the daycare center . For the purpose of this study , however , I chose to go to the park and observe parents and their toddlers play together . This way , I could easily observe unobtrusively as people would think I was simply there to write or to write down my thoughts Another benefit that the park has to offer is the lack of formal structures and relationships such as those found at daycare centers .At the park , parents and toddlers could interact easily and in a relax manner . That way , the true nature of the relationship between the parents and the toddlers will be easily observed and analyzed and the understanding of the interactions between parents and children will be better understood . This then seeks to look at such a relationship by presenting direct observations from families and toddlers that visit the park in our community .I had a small n otebook with me and it is where I wrote down my observations , as well as the communication that went on between the parents and the children The toddlers that I observed were approximately between 16 to 30 months old and appeared to be pampered by care by their parents . One the toddlers belong to an Asian-American racial stock while the other one to an American family .Although the parents brought strollers with them the toddlers were walking and occasionally carried by their parents Both of the families of the toddlers seem to belong to the middle class Notably , the second toddler belongs to a mother without a father Although the author could not exactly know whether she is a single parent or not , at least based on the observation at the park , the mother does not have any other company in visiting the park Both toddlers appear to be enamored with their surroundings .They do notice the colors in the park and usually exclaim in delight when they see a butterfly or a bird . Appar ently , they are already starting to recognize some of the features of the environment and their understanding of what they are is already being formed in the minds of the young kids Toddler 1 The first toddler I observed is male . He displayed curiosity in his surroundings . While they were walking in the park , to the way where the family will sit down for an afternoon snack , the toddler was picking up sticks and leaves on the ground .He raised them to his eyes and offered them to his parents . The mother accepted the offer from the toddler and said that it was a leaf . She explained further that the leaf grows on the branch , which the toddler dutifully picked up and offered to her mother again . When the mother pronounced leaf ‘ and branch , the toddler also spoke up and attempted to pronounce the same words A child is very much curious and interested in his surroundings . As part of his cognitive development , he notices the shapes , colors , and different sensations and wonders he encounter in his world .Even at such a young age , he is also being initiated into the process of socialization where he learns the views of his parents and of the larger society where he is located (Turner , 1991 . The child , according to Piaget ‘s theory actively uses his senses to explore his environment and learn about them . Through the use of his senses , he is able to discern relationships among the actions he take and the behavior of the objects that he is viewing (Turner , 1991 Both the component of nature and nurture are at work in this seemingly simple process that the child is going through .He uses his eyes , his ears , his nose , and his whole body to discover the world and learn how it works . His efforts , because they are yet insufficient , are supplemented by his parents , more particularly by his mother , who tells him the names of objects and how they are being referred to in the world Through the explanation of the mother about the nature of t he relationship between leaves and branches , the child is then able to look at the relationship of different objects in his environment albeit in an incomplete fashion .The explanation of the mother regarding the relationship of leaves and branches may not be sufficient for the child to understand the relationship because most of the knowledge of a child advances through his actions and his interpretation about the consequences of the actions he make (Franz White , 1985 Notably , the toddler was now engaging in eye-to-eye contact with his parents and occasionally asks them for what he wants . His father brought out a ball that the toddler apparently loved playing with .The father and the child started playing with the ball – they played catch , and sometimes they would race together to get the ball first . The toddler was delighted with such play with his father . Although this is the case the child would also look at his mother and he asked her to come and join them . This is consistent with the theory of Erikson , which holds that the child ‘s relationship with his mother is perhaps the most important one during this stage of development (Franz White , 1985 The child continued to play with the ball and when he saw other children in the park , he also went to them and offered to play the ball with them .Apparently , toddler one has good socialization skills to the point that he can mingle with other kids even when his parents are around This points to the good relationship that the child is enjoying with his parents . Both his parents encouraged him to play with other children and watched him with other kids . True enough , when the child has strong relationships with his parents , he tends to be more socially responsive and socially amiable . In accordance with Psychosocial theorists , the child is displaying good emotional and social skills because his own relationship with his parents are also good and secure .Otherwise , he might become a re cluse and refuse the company of people (Charlesworth 2003 When Toddler one was playing ball with another child , there was an instance in which the other child managed to grab the ball more quickly than toddler one , so what he did was to forcibly claim the ball from his playmate and withheld it from the latter . Through this , the other child looked as if he was about to cry . It is at this moment that the mother of Toddler one intervened .The mother reasoned out firmly with the toddler in regards to sharing toys so that others would also learn how to share . The tone of the mother appeared to be negotiating instead of imposing . This display of authority on the part of the mother is remarkable and shows the secure connection between her and the child (Charlesworth , 2003 Toddler Two When I felt that I have sufficiently observed toddler one , I decided to turn my attention to another toddler playing with a dog not very far from the first toddler . The only companion of the toddler in the park is his mother and their Labrador .I had the impression , although this is difficult to verify , that the mother was a single parent The mother was silently looking after her child who was playing with the Labrador . Apart from the toy truck and the Frisbee that the child had there were no other toys that the mother had for the child . The mother appeared to be preoccupied with her own thoughts When toddler was not busy with his toy truck , he would play with the Frisbee and the dogs with the strength and the capability that he has The dog seems to act as a guard to the toddler . He does not socialize with other kids very much and he appears content to play by himself .The toddler , it seems is spending most of the time by himself . Although at first glance , this may seem to be a display of autonomy , yet in closer examination of the child , he does not enjoy the benefits that interaction with other kids and with his parent brings . These circumstances will therefore bri ng forth negative consequences in the development of the social skills of the child and he might find it difficult to relate with other people when he grows up (Keenan , 2002 When the child attempts to play farther from his mother , the latter would come after him and tell him not to move around too much .The mother actually uses her authority over the child to forbid him from going somewhere else . Apparently , the mother wants to keep the child in her sight most of the time . This kind of attitude might breed negative feelings in the child and will contribute to the insecurity of their relationship . Since the relationship of the child with his mother is of utmost importance (Charlesworth , 2003 , then his cognitive , emotional and social development will suffer as a consequence . The child also develops a kind of mistrust in the outside world and he will not view the outside world as a safe place .Instead , he might develop the attitude that he always needs his mother to look aft er him . Erikson warned against this over-protectiveness of parents as it prohibits children to explore and become curious of their environment . Hence instead of developing self-confidence and self-esteem , toddler two will instead feel shame and doubt (Franz White , 1985 Toddler two cried when his mother forbade him to wander into the park When the child cried , the mother responded by being firmer and she almost shouted to toddler two to stop . Instead of stopping , however toddler cried even louder and displayed tantrums .At this time , the mother punished toddler two by spanking him three times . After several minutes , toddler two stopped crying and remained where he was instead This display of authority may become inimical to the overall development of the child over the long run as the initiative and the natural curiosity of the child will be dampened and what he will remember most will be the fear associated with the parent ‘s discipline (Charlesworth 2003 Toddler two recovered from the spanking after several minutes by turning his attention to the dog and his Frisbee .By distracting himself , he forgot about the incident and started to enjoy himself again . His mother , however , still issued a warning for him not to move out of her sight ‘ According to Erikson , if the urge of the child to explore is removed , then the result would be a lower level of self-esteem on the part of the child (Franz White , 1985 Toddler two is very much to her mother , however , he is not sufficiently developing autonomy .Through the reprimands and the stern warnings of his mother , he becomes dependent on his mother and unable to explore his environment and his surroundings . Over the course of time as he discovers the world further , he may not have sufficient curiosity and initiative to move away from the familiar and instead , he would keep in sight of whoever is looking after him Conclusion Observing the two toddlers was a good experience for me . It was as if the concepts and theories discussed by Piaget and Erikson were coming to life .Indeed the role of the parents is very crucial in ensuring that a child receives the appropriate socialization and training even while he is young . The strength of the attachment of a child with his parents is very important for him to develop the necessary skills for socialization and in relating with others in his environment If the relationship of a child with his parents is good as demonstrated by the first toddler I observed , then the child will greatly benefit from it .If , however , the nature of the relationship bs on the dysfunctional , then the socialization skills of the child will be negatively affected . As he grows up , he will have struggles in relating with different kinds of people in his environment By observing toddlers , numerous lessons can be gleaned and the nature of the relationship between child and parents will be assessed Accordingly , intervention strategies could be a rrived at so that the child will not suffer needlessly .Furthermore , parents , and everyone dealing with children , should be sensitive to the different levels of development of the child as demonstrated by Piaget and Erikson . By doing so , perhaps the manner of bringing up of children will be better and over the long run , the society will become a better one because of the good rearing of the children Reference Charlesworth , R (2003 . Understanding Child Development : For Adults WhoWork With Young Children . New York : Thomson Delmar Learning Franz , C . E White , K . M (1985 . Individuation and attachment in personality development : Extending Erikson ‘s theory . Journal of Personality , 53 (2 , 224-256 Keenan , T (2002 . An Introduction to Child Development . London : Sage Publications Turner , . J (1991 . Relations between Attachment , Gender , and Behavior with Peers in Preschool . Child Development , 62 (6 , 1475-1488

North Korea and thier nuclear weapons

North Korea and thier nuclear weapons Free Online Research Papers There are many questions to be addressed about North Korea’s nuclear weapons programming. These questions can be why North Korea is not keeping its promise to disable Yongbyon; is the country trying to gain some time; or is North Korea going to be bigger issue in the near future for the six party nations if it does not discontinue its nuclear programming? It may be hard to find answers to all of these entire questions. However; one thing is clear, and that is, North Korea is taking its time and acting slowly to shut down its nuclear facilities. There could be a couple of reasons to be addressed as to why North Korea is not taking six- party talks seriously to stop its main nuclear facilities at Yongbyon and hand over complete details of its nuclear programmings. The first reason that North Korea has not yet disabled its nuclear programming could be that since its intention to take advantage of the six-party nations` leniency. For one thing, last February, North Korea agreed to stop the nuclear programming by the Dec. 31, 2007. In return, six-party nations promised to supply fuel to the country (BBC, 2007). However, the deadline came and passed by and still has not disabled the nuclear facilities at Yongbyon. Another example of leniency is that last year, North Korea demanded South Korea to provide food in return shutting down the nuclear facilities (Smith, 2007). Even though, South Korea did sent food, North Korea did not keep its promise. Additionally, in the beginning of last year, the country was not willing to co-operate with the six-party nations unless it received $25m that was in a Macau bank which was frozen since the United States suspected North Korea had something to do with money laundering and counterfeiting. Once again, in six -party talks, they decided to give the country another chance to and transfer the funds. Even though of the reactor at Yongbyon was shut down in July 2007, it is still not disabled completely (BBC, 2007). The second reason is that North Korea’s intention has never been to disable its atomic programming, but instead was trying to gain some time to finish the programming. The Six-Party nations started negotiations over North Koreas nuclear programming in late 2003. However, in late 2002, the nuclear stand-off began as soon as the United States accused the country has violated 1994 disarmament deal by enriching uranium without permission (CNN, 2007).Six party nations such as South Korea and the United States as well as Japan, are realizing that time is running out for North Korea, and it has to fulfill its promise to denuclearize the Korean Peninsula (Korea, 2008). All these problems started with North Koreas plan to restart a plutonium based nuclear program at Yongbyon, North Koreas plan to build a new highly enriched uranium (HEU) nuclear program, and the tension that emerged between the United States and South Korea. Even though many problems were occurring, there were some positive things that were happening at the time. The United States began negotiating with North Korea and South Korea about establishing railroad links, demining portions of the demilitarized zone, allowing athletes to compete in the Asian games, and allowing abductees to visit Japan. The problems started occurring when North Korea admits that they have been establishing a HEU program, ending any diplomatic progress. North Korea said that they would stop their program if we decided to make a pact with them. We denied this proposal because we did not want to reward them with bad behavior. In November, the United States declared that Korea broken the rules against the Agreed Framework. There have been various theories on why North Korea had developed this highly enriched uranium program. One of the theories is that they were afraid that the United States was going to attack them, the same way we attacked Iraq.(North Korea Profile) They figured that if we attacked Iraq, an isolated nation with a suspected nuclear program, then we could easily attack North Korea for the same reason. There also have been various reasons why North Korea revealed to us their HEU plan. One theory is that they wanted us to notice them. They did not want us to disengage and isolate from the m.(Korea) the beginning, our response to North Koreas HEU and plutonium programs was very hostile and involved condemning them. Eventually, we took little baby steps to ease the tension. We also agreed to talk to them, but limited the things we could talk about with them. At the very time all of this chaos is happening, our relationship with the South Korea is reaching an all time low. I think there are many things that the United States has to do in order to resolve the problems that are occurring and to prevent more problems from happening in the future. The first thing that I think the United States should do is to treat them as nicely as possible, even if it means going against what we believe and letting them get away with bad behavior. In the long run it might be a bad thing to do because it could influence other nations to think that they can walk over us and take advantage of us. However, I think it would be the correct thing to do right now because the last thing anyone wants is a nation that is angry with you that holds nuclear weapons. If, however, North Korea refuses to accept our proposal for negotiations and does not agree with anything that we have to offer, I think the only other option is to attack them with full force. We have to sneak out any hidden places where they are making nuclear weapons and get rid of them. We have to let them know that we are not fooling around them and that we mean business. If we are destined to go to any kind of war with them, even nuclear, in the future, then it is best to attack them while they have limited nuclear weapons, rather waiting a couple before they have more artillery than we do. North Koreas highly enriched uranium nuclear program and our recent struggles with South Korea could result with terrible things to come. If we do not think of a plan to get rid of all their nuclear weapons, the world could be facing tough times in the near future. Dealing with North Korea is a must, and we need to do whatever we can to take care of the situation. In a discussion with the United States and China in Beijing on April 24, 2003, North Korean officials admitted for the first time that they possessed nuclear weapons. North Korean officials claim to have reprocessed and reproduced spent fuel rods and have threatened to begin exporting nuclear materials, unless the United States agrees to one-on-one talks with North Korea. Tension between the United States and North Korea have been running pretty stiff and high since early October of 2002. Assistant Secretary of State James Kelly informed North Korean officials that the United States was aware that North Korea had a program that was allowing them to enrich uranium for nuclear weapons. Initially North Korea denied this, but later confirmed the veracity of the US claim. In confirming that they had an active nuclear weapons program, they also declared the Agreed Framework agreement. The Agreed Framework signed by the United States and North Korea on October 21, 1994 in Geneva agreed that: North Korea would freeze its existing nuclear program and agree to enhanced International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards, Both sides would cooperate to replace the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea (D.P.R.K.) graphite-moderated reactors for related facilities with light-water (LWR) power plants, Both countries would move toward full normalization of political and economic relations,Both sides will work together for peace and security on a nuclear-free Korean peninsula,and Both sides would work to strengthen the international nuclear non-proliferation regime. (Albright,ONeil) Bush has established its top priorities in foreign policy. He claims that an acts in the government to improve the international community through negotiation and cooperation. Likewise President Bush remark It is to inspire and be inspired by other nations to work together toward a peaceful and prosperous future (BBC News). Bush, as well as our society, feels the president should be strong- especially in international politics and policies. When the United States was attacked September 11, 2001, the people looked to the president to lead, and in essence, seek revenge. On both of these levels of domestic considerations, we will never know to exactly what extent they influence the presidents choice of action, but they help us in understanding some of the foreign policy decisions. Going beyond the individual to the expectations of the position, the role consideration plays an influential domestic part in the response to an external event and ultimately foreign policymaking. President Bu shs most important goals currently are internationalism, national security, limiting weapons of mass destruction, and nationalism. Bush has encouraged democracy and democratic ideals in other countries. American internationalism (BBC news) is what our president call his foreign policy. American internationalism seeks to preserve liberty and to promote opportunity, human dignity, freedom, prosperity, and peace, both at home and abroad thats basically what bush American internationalism stand for. Bush, as well as our society, feels the president should be strong- especially in international politics and policies. Going beyond the individual to the expectations of the position, the role consideration plays an influential domestic part in the response to an external event and ultimately foreign policymaking. Furthermore to do this, Bushs administration has outlined some specific objectives. Allies are crucial to conduct foreign operations, so the Bush has joined several international organizations that allow it to serve at the forefront of international policy. Some of the more famous ones are the United Nations, which is the biggest organization and has many sub-level organizations, the World Trade Organization, the World Health Organization, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank Group (Directory of Economic, Commodity and Developmental Organizations). Knowing that United States is involved in these international organizations President Bush refuses to listen to UN and decided to attack Iraq (NY times). Today issues of terrorism, weapons of mass destruction, and Middle East peace are front runners in American foreign policy. These current issues facing the US, compiled with traditional objectives in international relations, dictate the current most important countries and actors to the United States. The threat of weapons of mass destruction was enough to cause the United States to attack pre-emotively in Iraq. In the Middle east, as well as elsewhere, the threat of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapons has increased exponentially. The government does not know which groups have them, what their capabilities are, or when the United States and its allies could be attacked by them. As technologies have increased and become more available, the need to know this information has become even more crucial in order to strategize and prepare. The United States must remain close to both its allies and enemies in order to avoid the possibility of being attacked at home or abroad. Furthermore Since September 11, 2001, the United States, with the help of its allies and partners, has dismantled the Taliban, denied Al-Qaida a safe haven in Afghanistan, and defeated Saddam Husseins regime in Iraq. Many countries play a vital role with US assistance, especially regarding intellig ence. Preventing terrorism on the homeland is a priority but also is prevention elsewhere. That is why consistent relations are maintained especially in the Middle East, but also elsewhere. One of President Bushs four objectives in the War with Iraq was the removal of weapons of mass destruction (Dunn). These weapons include chemical, biological, and nuclear capabilities. Many countries have, or will have nuclear capabilities, and the numbers will only increase. Not all of these countries are known but some of importance includes North Korea, Pakistan, India, Iran, and every other country with related technologies. All nuclear capable countries, both allies and otherwise, are vital to defense policy making of the United States. Nationalism is very important to the people of United Stated and our dear President Bush uses this idea to persuade the people. Many symbols have been adopted as symbols of freedom, especially after the September 11 attacks. As a result of the rise of nationalism, ideology tends to decline, which means the United States gives ideology very little importance. Leaders such as the President Bush use example of symbol like the symbol of freedom as a symbol to persuade the citizens of the United States to agree with him. In a speech the President gave on the need for freedom in Cuba Today, the struggle for freedom continues it hasnt ended in cities and towns of that beautiful island, in Castros prisons, and in the heart of every Cuban patriot. (Dunn). A way nationalism is also seen in this country is in its war against terrorism. Ever since the September 11 attacks, almost all of the governments attention has been on the war against terrorism. This can be seen through a statement made by the President on July 24, 2003, And this [September 11] was the merest glimpse of the violence terrorists are willing to inflict on this country. They desire to kill as many Americans as possible, with the most destructive weapons they can obtain. They target the innocent as a means of spreading chaos and fear, and to shake our national resolve.(Dunn) The use of terrorism as a symbol was a way to persuade the citizens of the United States that this war is justified. National security has become a large focus for President Bush and Congress, as well as the international community. Following the tragic events on 9/11/01, the importance of allies and partners became even more important to Bushs administration. While the United States had not looked to act creatively in the past, multilaterals became crucial in order to determine how to thwart terrorism in the most effective way. When threat is put on U.S. homeland security and elsewhere, the United States defense policy can step in; however; defense policy can become costly due to fact of utilizing the military will result in more military spending in order to complete the mission. The U.S. national security strategy is based on a distinctly American internationalism that reflects the union of our values and our national interests. The aim of this strategy is to help make the world not just safer but better (US, 1). When dealing with matters of foreign policy, results in the makings of a defense p olicy, which is considered as a subset of foreign policy. Strong military capability is an essential means in dealing with foreign policy due to the fact that countries such as North Korea, China, and Russia all pose a potential threat to destroy using weapons of mass destruction.(NY times) When threat is put on U.S. homeland security and elsewhere, the United States defense policy can step in; however; defense policy can become costly due to fact of utilizing the military will result in more military spending in order to complete the mission. North Korea is possibly the least accessible, and the most brutal and repressive country in the world. (Martin, 2006) Since its formation after World War II very little information has left the country. What has left are the defectors and the stories of horrible atrocities against humanity the government is bestowing upon its citizens. Classified as a democracy, it is just a mask hiding the Kim Dynastys totalitarian ways. With its ideology of Juche, they have relied as little as possible on outside help. They rule and produce on the inside, with only the close to communist China being its biggest factor for production of money. Human rights are completely unheard of, and reports of torture within its reform camps are common from those that flee and escape Kims grip. Humanitarian aid is being pulled, and the country has started to show some of its nuclear power to the world. While these are just some of the issues at hand, North Koreas dignitaries show no sign that they have broken al l human rights laws, and that the country is in a state of economic need. With North Korea finally being recognized for its harsh living conditions for its people and the human rights violations being brought upon them, more and more people are seeing what is actually happening. With this international relationships are teetering as North Korea removes any help the people may get from outside sources. The testing of North Koreas first bomb in 2006, there have been many moves to attempt to De-denuclearize the North. Yet still, talks are still being made to attempt to join North and South Korea and bring peace to the area. The state, due to its Juche ideology, has had most humanitarian aid removed from the country lately. Even with humanitarian aid, the state is left with low supplies of food and power. Monthly wage of farmers decreased in 2005 when a ban on free markets was raised, where in some cases they did not make over $1 a month creating a giant surge for those to change jobs, creating a larger deficit in food. Clean water is in scarcity, as well as access to good health care and hospitals. Human rights infractions are constantly broken among its citizens, and there is nothing they can do to fight the power Kim holds in the top seat of the state. (North Korea Profile) Since North Korea announced it had tested an atomic bomb underground in October 2006, several countries including China, South Korea, Russia, Japan and the United States have been in a constant state of discussion on what to do to the North. In an attempt to begin to make the state de-nuclear, agreements have come forth which have shut down Yongbyon nuclear reactor, which is a main source of North Koreas weapon plutonium. Kim also ordered other plants to shut down in exchange for a large stock pile of fuel oil. Several funds previously frozen in Macau of Mr. Kims have also been unfrozen, but it is unlikely this may soften his actions and what his people suffer. (Background Note) North Koreas nuclear weapon power makes it the most dangerous nuclear power in the world. Defectors from the country are also aware that Kim Jong-Il is stockpiling chemical weapons. So much so that he may have enough to decimate South Koreas population. (Martin) Relations between Japan and North Korea are very stiff as well. North Korea had previously abducted several Japanese citizens, and Japan wants to know what has happened. Over 20 of its citizens were taken. Japanese Prime Minister, Shinzo Abe, vows not to normalize relations until they know what has happened of these people. George Bush has also vowed not to begin discussions until this has been figured out. North Korea says they know nothing of the abductions, and none of those listed missing had ever entered North Korea.(North Korea Profile) In an article written by Adam Liptak called , â€Å"Is the Group Responsible for the Individual’s Crime?† he described the case of the Pakistani Army and the tribal elders near the Afghan border. In order to save their town, it was decided that the elder should â€Å"turn over 72 men wanted for sheltering AL Qaeda Members† (p17). This decision of is commonly used throughout the world, especially when it comes to military actions. This is what we call collective sanctions. A sanction by definition is a social control to enforce society’s standards. Thus, in order to maintain the orderly nation, collective sanctions are necessary. People value group identity, so it is the group’s responsibility to parent the individual members. People are always in a part to a group because people lived a life that circles around what we called â€Å"group life†. People are always a member of a family, school, or a society. We people have learned that individual should share the responsibility of others in our groups because not only problems can be solved more easily, but also that we all share a responsibility to watch over the others. For example, in a Chinese family, constituted of brothers, the elder are punished for whatever that younger brother did wrong because it’s his responsibility to watch over the young ones and not allowing them to do wrong.. This is yet another example of collective sanctioning. The use of collective sanctions is a good idea for a nation to proper function. Liptak quotes that â€Å"Group members might be punished not because they are in an advantageous position to identify, monitor, and control responsible individuals, and can be motivated by threat of sanction to do so.† A prefect example would be the offer that President Bush made to the Afghanistan, where he said â€Å"the Taliban will hand over the terrorists, or they will share their fate.† This is the use of collective sanction. Since the Untied States of America can not find out the individual’s crime, and may have been unable to catch the terrorists, the terrorists may make another attack to other cities or countries. In older to avoid another attacking, the collective sanctions are necessary. In addition, another case of collective sanction appeared when the world that Koreans are making some nuclear weapons. The United Nations are against North Korea government to make any type of nuclear weapons, and demanded North Korea to stop or the Nations such as Denmark, Belgium,Norway, Sweden,Iceland,Finland,France,Germany,and Spain will obstruct with their economy sources. The question is; will North Korea government stop making nuclear weapons under the threat of international sanctions? There is no doubt that the North Korea should stop the process, not only due to the threat of international sanctions, but also because the people in North Korea don’t want to become poor. They put pressure on their government to stop the process of making nuclear weapon, to maintain a stable economy. In this case, collective sanctions are necessary to maintain a peaceful world order. Those who are opposed to group sanctions said that the application of group sanctions is unfair to the others who did not commit any crime. â€Å"Rich people can buy their way out of any punishments.† (p18). This is somewhat true; however, this decision showed a need for the collective sanctions. Collective sanctions are a good idea because people value group identity, and this forces the group to work together more tighten and thus making the sanctions a necessity thing for a properly function town. Since there are people who can but their way out of punishment with their wealth, collective sanctions will make someone else who are aware of what will happen to report the case, and thus punish those who deserve to be punished. Liptak said, â€Å"If we recoil at the idea of collective responsibility, it is because we are afraid the village is out of the political mainstream. The government never says it’s going to do that in downtown Kabul, where the rich guys live.† Collective sanctions are practiced to those who are not acting properly, and are used to maintain the order of the nation. In the quote, it means the same thing. The government won’t do such thing to a place where the rich people lived because they know the rules and they will obey them. On the other hand, a place where no rules are followed, collective sanctions is the best way to commit to the obedience of the people of that place. Another thing that further increased my reason that north Korea is a threat is a documentary that I rented from Blockbuster called â€Å"The Fog of War†. In the documentary, The Fog of War, Robert McNamara Secretary of Defense from 1961 to 1968 said, Rationality will not save us. McNamara argues, even though we failed, we did behave rationally. Meaning, they acted upon their best evidence and motives, rationally; however, in the end they failed to realize the truth of the matter. Basically, the reason we did not have nuclear war was out of sheer luck. Therefore, McNamara draws the conclusion that rationality had failed them, and therefore it will not save us in the future. Another point that this lesson implies is that classical nuclear deterrence does not work. Nuclear deterrence is based on the rationality of the players. Since rationality is deemed to be unreliable, it would imply that we are all doomed. The problem with this statement is that rationality has been the only thing that has saved us thus far. If rationality was unreliable then we would have been doomed from the start. However, the rationality of nations leaders has proven to keep us away from a nuclear war. Even though McNamara claims that it was luck that had prevented them from a war, it was the rationality of a former U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union, Llewellyn Tommy Thompson, who advised President Kennedy not to attack Cuba. So, in fact, it is rationality that saves us. To further develop this theory we must look at the evolution of the US nuclear deterrent theories and what it is today in regards to new threats. Currently, the US possesses unquestioned superiority over any potential opponents. However, ever since the 9/11 terrorists attacks up until the present, the US has felt threatened by new opponents, such as non-state based players and rouge nations. In order to protect US national security, the Bush administration has felt the need to pull out of the SALT 1 Treaty and build ABMs. As a result of such an aggressive move, the US has received much criticism. Recently, Russian President Vladimir Putin publicly warned against the US building of ABMs, claiming that a new arms race will begin if they continue. However, the Bush administration strongly believes that ABMs are necessary to protect them from missile launch attacks from irrational players,meaning rouge nations. With the rouge nations as a threat, it would seem that classic nuclear deterrent fails, since the US claims that the rouge nations leaders are irrational and would attack the US. However, the likelihood of rouge nations att acking the US is highly unlikely. The rouge nations that appear as a threat to the US would be Iran, Iraq, Libya, Sudan, Afghanistan, maybe Syria, and North Korea. The US fears that those nations could possibly launch ICBMs capable of hitting North America. However, according to top-secret U.S. National Intelligence Estimates found that while many nations are potentially interested in long-ranged missiles, almost none have, or will ever have, the technology or funds to develop them, or to remotely threaten the United States. These rouge nations are rational players that realize the strength and credibility of the US, and what consequences they would safe if they were to attack. Therefore, classic nuclear deterrence is still applicable. Terrorism seems to disclaim nuclear deterrence since rationality and communication does not apply. However, as stated earlier, it is difficult for rouge nations, including terrorists, to possess the credibility and capability to launch nuclear weapons. If weapons such as ICBMs are too expensive, than there is also the threat of terrorist groups possessing chemical or biological weapons. According to Michael Rebehn writing for Open Democracy, it is now obvious that chemical and biological weapons have indeed become the ,poor mans nuclear bomb; a cheap and portable option for those, like terrorists or ,rogue states, without access to expensive nuclear technology. If terrorists were to strike the US with a biological weapon, it would be difficult to react since terrorists are often non-state based players. The US might seemingly not use old deterrence theories with these new threats; however, the example of the US invasion in Afghanistan is a clear example of the US using classic nuclea r deterrence. The US retaliated against the non-stated based terrorists in Afghanistan since the nation was held accountable for hosting the training camps of the Al-Quaeda. Nuclear Deterrence is not dead. Even with new threats such as rouge nations and non-state based players. As Keith B. Payne writing for The Journal of International Security Affairs said, The confidence in deterrence that typified the Cold War now is presumed to apply to post-Cold War rogue threats,as if the dramatic changes in opponent and context are irrelevant. It is obvious that the US has evolved the nuclear deterrence theories as well as added some modifications to keep the US as the superior nation. The US today has the ability to protect themselves from nuclear missiles attacks (ABMs) as well as the ability to launch them (First Strike). By analyzing the US evolution of deterrence we can see that McNamaras lesson does not apply, even with new enemies. Rationality has and continues to remain our source of reliability and hope. In an article How to Stop Nuclear Terror,the author Allison Graham discusses that although President Bush has determined that terrorist nuclear attacks on the U.S. is the biggest threat facing the country in the future, his administration has not created a clear plan to prevent the issue. She uses a quote from the President to show that he thinks that the highest priority is to keep terrorist from acquiring weapons of mass destruction. Graham goes on in her introduction to explain that the administrations inaction is a reflection on their inability to understand that nuclear terrorism is in fact preventable. She says that the problem should be combated at the root, which is the fissile material, because without that material, nuclear bombs can not be made. She then introduces her idea of the Three Nos: no loose nukes, no new nascent nukes, and no new nuclear states. In the next section of her article, Graham presents a number that I found extremely startling and eye-opening. She says that According to best estimates, the global nuclear inventory includes more than 30,000 nuclear weapons, and enough hue and plutonium for 240,000 more. Even more startling is the fact that, according to Graham, hundreds of these weapons are stored in areas where it is not that difficult for certain criminals to steal them and sell them to terrorist. She then gave examples of people who were apprehended trying to smuggle nuclear weapons or nuclear material. She also explained how easy it would be to smuggle nuclear weapons into the U.S. Next, Graham discusses how Saddam-era Iraq is not even on the top ten countries most likely to provide nuclear weapons to possible terrorist. Graham believes that Russia would top the list because of their enormous supply of nuclear material. Pakistan would rank next because of its ties with Al-Qaeda. Next would be North Korea because they have already sold weapons to countries such as Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia. She also explains that the Bush administration HAS taken steps to reduce the dangers of a nuclear attack by terrorist, however the number of actions they HAVE NOT taken is longer and more worth worrying over. Graham also discusses a point that I find extremely true and important. The Bush administration used the possibility of Saddam selling Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) to terrorist as an excuse and reason for the invasion of Iraq. After WMDs were not found, the Bush administrations credibility in regards to many things, namely WMDs has been severely damage d. Also in the almost year and half that the U.S. was trying to get the support of other countries, North Korea and Iran both developed their programs. Graham says that preventing nuclear terrorism will require a plan that denies access to weapons and materials at their source, detects them at borders, defends every route by which a weapon could be delivered, and addresses motives as well as means. I also agree with her stance on this issues because there are many radical people in the world today who would use nuclear weapons in a heartbeat for a reason that is not even completely clear. In conclusion, nevertheless, North Korea keeps promising to discontinue its nuclear programming; one thing is getting clearer that the country is taking advantage of six-party nations by receiving food, fuel supply, and funds. It seems like the country’s intention was never denuclearize itself. North Korea likes the attention that it is getting from six- party nations as well as its neighboring countries. In my opinion, North Korea always had the intention to be seen a threat to its surrounding countries. It seems like the country tries to own things forcefully. Therefore, it needs some kind of nuclear weapon to show Asian countries that North Korea is too strong to be mess with. Observing what went on for two years, I think, it is getting harder and harder to make North Korea stop its nuclear programming. Six-Party nations should take further action and be stricter on the country by showing North Korea that the game is over. The nuclear facilities at Yongbyon must be shut dow n immediately. I believe that it is true that both traditional and current foreign policy objectives determine current relationships between the United States and other countries and various international actors. Traditional objectives of international security and trade have always shaped relations in the international system. Today, issues of terrorism, weapons of mass destruction, and Middle East peace also help shape relationships with the US abroad. Current policy objectives shape US international relations. President Bush as the chief decision maker, and an individual, influence foreign policy greatly, however it is also difficult to determine to what extent because he needs to be responsive to societal beliefs, values and opinions as to maintain support for reelection. In addition, as the most powerful state, the United States does not appear to be too concerned with systemic variables such as resources. As I stated Our President Bush clearly do defined foreign policy objecti ves and goals. President Bush has hundreds of foreign policy goals and objectives, its most important goals currently are internationalism, national security, and limiting weapons of mass destruction. A divided government within Bushs administration (Dunn) this mean that sometimes makes it difficult for them create clear strategies both domestically and internationally, but both groups are willing to compromise in order to deal effectively with any problems. Thats how I view the Foreign policy that our dear President Bush have taking in considerations. As the largest superpower, the United States has been given the responsibility of leading the global community through its actions and words. That is, the opinions and values of the public (as well as interest groups that represent those beliefs) are often an important consideration in a democracys foreign policy decision-making. I believe that if we dont stop North Korea they can and will use those nuclear weapons. It may not necessa rily be on us but it wont be pretty no matter where they put it. Work Cited BBC. â€Å"QA: N Korea nuclear deal† BBC news Dec. 2007. CNN. â€Å"North Korea misses nuclear deadline† cnn.com/asia Dec. 31 2007. Korea. â€Å"Seoul, Washington press for Pyongyang nuclear declaration† Korea Net March 27, 2008. Foreign Relations March 27, 2008 Smith, Diana. â€Å"South Korea to Resume Rice Aid to North Korea† Efluxmedia June 2007. Martin, B. (2006) Under the Loving Care of the Fatherly Leader: North Korea and the Kim Dynasty. St. Martins Press Korea, North. (2006). World Almanac Book of Facts North Korea Profile. (2006, November). International Debate. Vol. 4 Issue 8 Liptak, Adam. â€Å"Is the Group Responsible for the Individual’s Crime?† Week in Review. New York Times, 8 Feb. 2004 Dunn, David Hasting. A Doctrine Worthy of the Name?: George W. Bush and the Limits of the Pre- Emption, Pre- Eminence. Diplomacy Statecraft (2006):1-29. The National Security Strategy of the United States, 2002 (NSS 2002), New York times, May 10, 2007,p.6 This is war, New York Time, September 16, 2001. May 10, 2007. 0p.9 Phillip Gordon Bush outlines foreign policy Ft 1-2/2/3. BCC News The Fog of War. Errol Morris. Robert S. McNamara. Sony Pictures, 2003. Graham, A. (2004). How to Stop Nuclear Terror. 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